Suchergebnisse

Anne Lombard- Jourdan
The Captain Augustin de Beaulieu (1589-1637) and his travels to Banten and Aceh in the early 17th century are now better known thanks to the recent publication of his Mémoires (Maisonneuve et Larose, 1996) and two of his letters written at the same time {Archipel 50, 1995 and 51, 1996). Between January 1631 and July 1632, Beaulieu sent his «Project» to Marshal d'Effiat. The previously unpublished text is reproduced here based on the manuscript conserved in the National Library of France (Bibliothèque Nationale de France). Beaulieu warns Richelieu of the urgency and of the absolute necessity for France to develop her Navy and to make sure that she had a place in the overseas trade for which the Dutch and the English were competing. He emphasised the importance of establishing a port of call in Madagascar, the mid-way point situated along the maritime routes leading to Asia. This large island would serve as a base for launching expeditions to the neighbouring African coast, to the banks of the Red Sea, to Persia and to the East Indies. Augustin de Beaulieu was not alone in drawing attention to the need to create a powerful fleet and to obtain a position in the trade with the East Indies. He was nonetheless one of the first to do so. He possessed a profound understanding of the difficulties of long-distance navigation and trade and of the advantages of having a port of call in Madagascar. Assuring his success was a foresight for linking trade to commercial exchanges among the countries involved, and not just to money itself.

Anne Lombard Jourdan
The Europeans did not truly know Timor until the publication of the results of the Baudin expedition. Before the First Consulate sent a scientific mission to explore the coasts of New Holland (Australia), it was rare that the French travelled to Timor. Of the twenty-three learned persons who embarked on the Géographe and the Naturaliste only 5 returned to France. Nonetheless, this deadly expedition gave us the publication of Voyage de découvertes aux Terres Australes [The Discoveries of a Voyage in the Southern Lands] (2 volumes, Paris, 1807 and 1816 and Atlas) and rich documentation on ail aspects of the island of Timor, visited by the travelers on two occassions in 1801 and 1803. Working in difficult conditions, François Péron, the only naturalist on the expedition, and his friend and collaborator, the drawer Charles Lesueur, realised considerable results, with an attention and zealousness to which Cuvier paid hommage.
The author sets out to reconstitute faithfully the events and the conditions of the hunt which the two young erudites made in order to obtain a sample of a species of crocodile then unknown in Europe. They succeeded in bringing a skeleton of one such crocodile to Paris, which they left to the Natural History Museum and where it is still conserved today. Cuvier used « Péron's crocodile», which he named crocodilus biporcatus (two-boned crocodile), to write his monograph on this type of crocodile (1807).
Péron and Lesueur can also be credited with having collected a quantity of useful information for the schools of «anthropology» and «ethnology», scientific domains and words still unknown in 1800. Thanks to their hunting trip, they provide specific information about the attitude of the Timor people towards the crocodiles which they venerated as a sacred animal and which they were careful not to kill.

Anne Lombard-Jourdan, An unpublished Note by F.E. de Rosily on the Island of Timor (1772).

A. Lombard-Jourdan mengungkapkan kembali pembaptisan seorang anak yang lahir di pulau Butung (Sulawesi Tenggara) dan yang ber- langsung di Saint-Malo pada permulaan abad ke XVII. Anak laki-laki tersebut, yang telah dibeli oleh seorang pelaut Perancis sebagai budak belian di Hindia Belanda, dibawa ke Perancis dan dibaptis (dan dibebas- kan) pada tahun 1636 dan diberi nama Macé Bouton sebagai kenangan atas negeri asalnya.

3. With regard to the Malagasy people brought to France under the reign of Louis XIV, A. Lombard-Jourdan describes the way the western rulers made use of the arrival of these "exotic" people to enhance their own prestige.

Le miracle du Lendit est un miracle essentiellement parisien : une hostie dérobée, en même temps qu'un ciboire, en l'église Saint-Gervais de Paris, cachée par le larron sur le chemin de Saint-Denis fut miraculeusement recouvrée dans la Plaine du Lendit par le clergé assemblé des deux villes. Seuls, au début du XVIIe siècle, deux historiens de Paris, Du Breul et Doublet, ont, semblet- il, consigné l'événement. Tous deux lui assignent la date de 1274, que portait l'inscription figurant au bas d'un vitrail—auj ourd'hui disparu—qui se trouvait dans l'église de Saint-Gervais, et leurs récits sont des commentaires de ce vitrail.

Un des problèmes délicats auxquels se trouve affronté l'historien du haut Moyen Age est celui du sens réel à donner aux mots qui, en latin, désignent les différentes agglomérations humaines. L'imprécision des termes vicus, villa, civitas, urbs, castrum, castellum, burgus, pagus, oppidum, dans les textes mérovingiens et carolingiens a souvent été soulignée. Leur signification a évolué d'un siècle à l'autre, d'un endroit à l'autre,, et il est difficile de cerner les réalités qu'ils recouvrent. N'a-t-on pas, de nos jours encore, le plus grand mal à se mettre d'accord sur une définition de la « ville »? Les savants qui ont cherché à fixer ces notions fuyantes concluent souvent de façon contradictoire, car chacun utilise la documentation qui lui est propre.

En 1935, les Annales avaient publié un article de Paul Rolland : « De l'économie antique au grand commerce médiéval. Le problème de la continuité à Tournai et dans la Gaule du Nord. » En 1957, reprenant un exposé fait à l'Association Marc Bloch de Toulouse, qui l'avait publié avec la discussion dans le n° 2, 1950-1951 de son Bulletin de l'Association pour l'Histoire de la Civilisation, Maurice Lombard avait donné aux Annales sa large esquisse sur « L'évolution urbaine pendant le haut Moyen Age ». Aujourd'hui, sans entrer dans la discussion de nombreux travaux récents dominés par la synthèse de E. Ennen : Frühgeschichte der europaischen Stadt, Bonn 1953, Anne Lombard-Jour dan élargit les perspectives en évoquant les lointaines origines urbaines où sont étroitement associés le religieux, le social et l'économique — et en montrant le poids de ces traditions sur l'évolution future. Nous espérons que ces hypothèses séduisantes susciteront un débat fécond.Parlant de la « préhistoire rurale », Marc Bloch note « Dans ce continu qu'est l'évolution des sociétés humaines, les vibrations de molécule à molécule se propagent à si longue distance que jamais l'intelligence d'un instant, quel qu'il soit, pris dans le cours du développement, ne s'atteint par le seul examen du moment immédiatement précédent. »

Anne Lombard-Jourdan et Denys Lombard
The small port of Honfleur (situated to the southwest of the Seine estuary in Normandy) was in times past a point of departure for numerous expeditions going to Canada and the East Indies. The ancient, wooden church of Sainte- Catherine in Honfleur contains a stone inscription commemorating the beatification in 1900 (by His Holiness Leo the 13th) of Pierre Berthelot, a native of the region. The inscription reads : «Born and baptised at Saint- Catherine on 12 December 1600... Cosmograph of the King of Portugal... Carmelite, martyr for the faith at Achem in Sumatra... in 1638 ». There is also a painting representing the martyrdom of Pierre Berthelot. A famous regional artist, A. Voisard-Margerie, painted it in 1926 (and not without some imagination). These sources provide us with a fascinating personality, Pierre Berthelot (about whom we still know very little), who left for the East Indies with Augustin de Beaulieu (1619). Berthelot travelled to Goa (where he became a Carmelite under the name of Denis de la Nativité and where he also became a friend of the Portugese Governor). The Governor sent Berthelot on a mission to the Sultan Iskandar Thani in Aceh. There he died 1638 in circumstances which have yet to be adequately explained.