Suchergebnisse

The Open Area Studies Journal (2008), pp. 1-15. ; Refereed Journal Article ; Despite some of the more rapid rates of economic growth seen in Pakistan in years, the government of Pakistan's Pervez Musharraf was soundly rejected by voters in early 2008. To the surprise of many observers, it was the economy, rather than increased violence, the war on terrorism, or the authoritarian nature of the regime that was the prime concern of electorate. It appears that much of the macro-economic successes did not trickle down very far – increased income inequalities and regional disparities, rising inflation only added to the electorate's frustrations. After examining the country's pattern of growth and the results of Musharraf's economic programs, a more fundamental criticism can be made – the economic development model adopted over the last eight years is unlikely to have laid a solid foundation for further growth.

World Economics vol. 7, no. 1, January - March 2006. ; Refereed Journal Article ; In an important document2 released toward the end of 2005, the United States outlined its strategy for victory in Iraq. Victory is defined in states: (1) Short term, Iraq is making steady progress in fighting terrorists, meeting political milestones, building democratic institutions and indigenous security forces; (2) Medium term, Iraq is in the lead defeating terrorists and providing its own security, with a fully constitutional government in place and on its way to achieving its economic potential; and (3) Longer term, Iraq is peaceful, united, stable and secure, well integrated into the international community and a full partner in the war on terrorism.

Political Crossroads 10/11, 2003/04, pp. 5-18. ; Refereed Journal Article ; The United States and its partners in the war on terrorism have respond ed to the terrorist attacks with a three-pronged strategy - short run military, medium term aid to vulnerable countries and groups, and longer term assistance programs that directly focus on !he sources of terrorist motivation. Using Pakistan as a case study, it appears that the best way to imple· ment the medium and longer term phases are assistance for education reform in the medium term, with the focus on institutional reform, and governance strengthening in the longer term. In most cases, grants are superior to aid in assuring effective and efficient implementation of the country's assistance related programs.

Canadian Journal of Development Studies, vol. XIX, no. 1, 1998. ; Refereed Journal Article ; This analysis shows the extent to which defence expenditures have affected the borrowing decisions of the government of Pakistan. Has the government resorted to increased borrowing in these markets to expand allocations to the military? Or, in contrast, have increased defence expenditures tended to restrict access to external credit? Weapons purchased with scarce foreign exchange lead to the availability of fewer resources for tbe import of investment goods essential for self-sustaining growth. On the one hand, external financing of defence expenditures would reduce the short-run sacrifices often associated with military expenditures. On the other hand, it appears that international lenders such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) may be increasingly inclined to restrict lending to countries with high levels of defence expenditures.

Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali, September 1998. ; Refereed Journal Article ; Perhaps because of Pakistan's (Henderson, 1993) pursuit of nuclear capability, increased attention has focused on that country's pattern of defense expenditures. Because of the high proportion of the budget devoted to defense, the economic impact of these expenditures has also been of concern. How rapidly do Pakistani defense expenditures respond to increased Indian allocations to the military? Are the opportunity costs (in terms of foregone output and income) likely to constrain that country's military budget?

Telematics and Informatics, 15, 1998. ; Refereed Journal Article ; The telecommunications in Pakistan is currently going through a period of transition as technological advances and liberalization of the industry move the industry into position to compete in an increasingly competitive world and regional environment. This paper surveys these developments with emphasis on the policies initiated by the government in recent years. In particular, attention is given to identifying the main patterns of growth in the telecommunications sector, and in assessing the manner in which these patterns have been affected by government policy. This paper concludes with speculation as to the impact current and future technological advances will have on the sector, with an appraisal made of the likely direction of future public policy.

Government College Economic Journal, vol. XXX, nos. 1&2, 1997. ; Refereed Journal Article

Contemporary South Asia, 1997, vol. 6, no. 1. ; Refereed Journal Article ; Pakistan has been gradually liberalizing its economy. Like many less developed countries in the 1980s Pakistan had a large government sector, measured both in terms of its direct involvement in the productive structure (government enterprises), also through its interference (price controls) in the market system.

Journal of Economic Development, June 1997. ; Refereed Journal Article ; The possibility that government investment can stimulate private sector investment has long been suggested. Until recently, an appropriate model to test for the relationship in developing countries has been absent. In 1984, Blejer and Khan developed and estimated a model for 24 developing countries between 1971 and 1979. They found that higher rates of investment took place when the private sector took a large role in capital formation. This paper estimates a similar model for one developing country, Pakistan, for the period 1972 to 1995. Our results are broadly similar to those obtained by Blejer and Khan and we suggest ways for the Pakistan government to stimulate the private sector by selective types of public investment.

Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali, vol. 42, no. 7-8, July/August 1995. ; Refereed Journal Article ; Increasing attention is being focused on the role of military expenditures in contributing to the external indebtedness of developing countries. Unfortunately, given the fungibility of funds, it is often difficult to find clear, statistically significant relationships between increases in defense expenditures and the subsequent expansion of foreign liabilities.

Contemporary South Asia, vol. 4, no. 3, 1995. ; Refereed Journal Article ; Toward the end of 1988, Pakistan's deteriorating resource situation caused a financial crisis, many remnants of which still exist today. In 1988, the Government's budget deficit reached 8.5% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation accelerated, the cmTent account deficit doubled to 4.3% of Gross National Product (GNP), the external debt service ratio reached 28% of export earnings, and foreign exchange reserves fell by half to $438 million, equal to less than three weeks of imports.

Pakistan Development Review, Autumn 1995. ; Refereed Journal Article ; The purpose of the analysis below is to assess whether this public sector crowding out of investment in manufacturing has been a major factor affecting the pattern of private capital formation in that sector. The results of modified Granger Causality test suggest that expanded public investment in infrastructure has not played an important role in stimulating private investment in industry. If anything, it appears that private investment has stimulated a follow-on expansion in infrastructure. Instead of crowding in (i.e., a positive feedback effect) additional private investment, infrastructure investment appears to have led to larger deficits and domestic borrowing. In turn, these financial developments have dampened the flows of private capital into the important large-scale manufacturing sector. On the other hand, financial crowding-out of private investment in large-scale manufacturing is a distinct possibility; but it may not be a simple, straight-forward process. The results obtained also suggest that private investment in large-scale manufacturing has suffered from real crowding-out associated with the government's noninfrastructural investment programme. Finally, it should be noted that neither financial nor real crowding-out seems to occur in other areas of private investment. Clearly, further research should be undertaken to determine why the large-scale manufacturing sector is unique in this regard.

Government College Economic Journal, vol XXVII, nos. 1 and 2, 1994. ; Refereed Journal Article