Suchergebnisse

Doutoramento em Economia ; Doutoramento em Economia ; Neste trabalho discute-se a política macroeconómica da União Europeia. Construiu-se um modelo estocástico dinâmico de equilíbrio geral com rigidez de preços. Introduziu-se uma nova regra de política monetária para o Banco Central Europeu. O modelo permite quantificar o Bem-Estar Social, relativamente à melhor escolha de regime monetário para os consumidores; ter um Banco Central autónomo ou pertencer à Zona Euro. O modelo foi calibrado para seis países que ainda não aderiram ao Euro, nomeadamente, Dinamarca, Hungria, Polónia, República Checa, Reino Unido e Suécia. Embora dois deles tenham uma cláusula de opt-out, as restantes economias terão que no futuro aderir ao Euro. Os resultados são conclusivos, e robustos a variações em parâmetros: todas as economias preferem manter a autonomia da política monetária. Analisam-se também outras uniões monetárias, tais como Alemanha, Canadá, Suíça e E.U.A., tirando-se inferências para a construção Europeia. São analisadas as correlações regionais de ciclos económicos, e testada a existência de regiões periféricas. As diferenças entre estas economias e a União Europeia são pouco significativas; a construção Europeia em termos das variáveis analisadas parece ser tão viável como a construção das referidas economias. Assim, a perda da autonomia da política monetária, não será um custo tão elevado a suportar. ; In this work we discuss the European Union macroeconomic policy. We build a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with sticky prices. We introduce a new policy rule for the European Central Bank. The model allows us to quantify the welfare value, regarding the best choice of monetary regime for consumers; having an autonomous Central Bank or belonging to the Eurozone. The model was calibrated for six countries currently outside the Eurozone: Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary, Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Although two of them have an opt-clause, the remaining economies will have to join the euro in the future. Results are clear and robust to parameter changes; all economies prefer to keep monetary policy autonomy. We analyze other monetary unions, such as Canada, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States and infer some results for the European Union. We analyze regional business cycles correlations and test the existence of periphery regions. The differences between these economies and the European Union aren't very significant. The European construc¬tion process, at least in terms of the analyzed variables, seems to be as viable as the referred economies. Hence, the loss of the monetary policy autonomy will not be such a heavy burden.

La alteridad es el reconocimiento del otro; es el acto de reconocer una realidad alternativa de la nuestra que, en las sociedades actuales es un presupuesto epistemológico, es decir, una condición ab initio sin la cual no se podría configurar el diálogo intercultural que todos hacemos, si bien a veces implícitamente. Así mismo, la presente comunicación versará sobre el status quo de la aplicación de la ética de la alteridad en el Estado Portugués y, en particular, en lo que concierne al colectivo de afrodescendientes. Se trata de una aportación crítica a los sistemas de integración de esta comunidad en Portugal, teniendo como campo privilegiado de estudio el período pandémico que se atraviesa y, en particular, su impacto sobre la consumación del diálogo intercultural con los afrodescendientes portugueses. La propuesta subyacente al artículo se articula partiendo de la síntesis entre el paradigma de la diferencia y el reconocimiento partiendo del análisis de un conjunto de lagunas del paradigma actual

We compare Europe with the USA and Canada as regards business cycle synchronization and core-periphery patterns. A long sample (1950-2005) makes it possible to study how these aspects have evolved over time. Results support the economic viability of EMU. Average cyclical correlations among European countries have risen significantly, reaching levels close to, or even higher than, those of North American regions. Applying fuzzy clustering to the analysis of core-periphery issues, we find Europe to actually outperform North America: the core-periphery divide is milder, and peripheral status seems generally less protracted.

O desemprego é hoje uma realidade incontornável, particularmente nas sociedades ocidentais contemporâneas. As suas consequências são tendencialmente negativas e, no caso dos indivíduos com 55 ou mais anos, particularmente gravosas. Com o objetivo de compreender a experiência de desemprego involuntário de um grupo de ex-trabalhadores dos Estaleiros Navais de Viana do Castelo (Portugal), atendendo a este contexto socioeconómico e territorial específico, desenvolveu-se um estudo misto que incluiu 115 inquéritos por questionário e 10 entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados evidenciaram uma diversidade de trajetórias individuais e profissionais, sendo que o fator Idade parece estar associado aos efeitos mais adversos, quer relativamente à experiência de desemprego, quer à probabilidade de reingresso no mercado de trabalho. Do ponto de vista da Política Social, esta evidência sugere a necessidade de medidas que contribuam para uma maior equidade na gestão da condição de desempregado.

In this paper we study business cycle correlations in the Eurozone and its determinants. Additionally, we also analyze the determinants of the lead and lag behavior of business cycles in the Eurozone. We explore the relevance, in the Eurozone context, using GDP and employment as the business cycle measures, of the determinants of business cycle synchronization identified in the literature, namely bilateral trade intensity, dissimilarity of labor market rigidity, dissimilarity in industrial structures, financial openness, and foreign direct investment relations. We estimate a simultaneous 4-equations model by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and three-stage least square to investigate empirically the above-mentioned determinants of business cycle correlation. Bilateral trade relations present a positive influence on business cycle correlations, while the dissimilarity of labor market rigidity presents a negative influence. The rest of the above-mentioned variables are non-significant. These results are robust to the use of the Hodrick–Prescott-filter and first differences as the de-trending methods, as well as the use of GDP as the business cycle measure, excluding the financial crisis years (2008 and 2009). Results for employment as the business cycle measure are in contrast with the previous ones, and found industrial dissimilarity to be the relevant variable to determine business cycles synchronization. In what concerns the determinants of the lead and lag behavior, results show that the member states of the Eurozone that usually lead the cycle are the ones that are wealthier, with strict employment legislation, more specialized in construction and finance sectors, and more prone to international capital movements. Differences in the determinants between contemporaneous business cycles and lead and lag behavior of business cycles are especially important for policy-makers in the Eurozone to know about, in particular if asymmetric shocks between countries are set in place. ; Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (UID/GES/00315/2013)

"In diesem Beitrag überprüfen wir auf empirische Weise die Theorie der optimalen Währungsräume für die Mitglieder einer bestehenden Währungsunion (der Vereinigten Staaten). Die USA gelten als Land mit hoher Mobilität von Arbeitskräften innerhalb der Bundesstaaten. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir gemeinsam die Folgen eines Finanzausgleichs zwischen den Bundesstaaten und einer Mobilität von Arbeitskräften für die zyklische Produktionsleistung der Staaten. Wir ziehen den Schluss, dass der Finanzausgleich zwischen den Bundesstaaten zweifellos zu einer Erhöhung der zyklischen Produktionsleistung beiträgt. Allerdings kann die zyklische Produktionsleistung in Abhängigkeit von bestimmten Bedingungen aufgrund von Abwanderung zu- oder abnehmen. Da sich der Finanzausgleich zwischen Bundesstaaten als deutlich wichtiger erweist als die Migration, lässt sich die Frage in der Überschrift bejahen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

No presente artigo parte-se do reconhecimento do abuso de idosos como um fenómeno complexo e multidimensional. Dá-se conta da diversidade de molduras teóricas e de evidência empírica que tem marcado a análise deste fenómeno em Portugal, diversidade que se acredita explica algumas das inconsistências que continuam a marcar as tentativas de avaliação da extensão do mesmo. O artigo baseia-se numa revisão sistemática da literatura quer ao nível teórico, quer ao nível dos estudos empíricos realizados em Portugal.This article starts by recognizing elder abuse as a complex and multidimensional phenomenon. It showcases the diversity of theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence that have marked the analysis of this phenomenon in Portugal, a diversity which is believed to explain some of the inconsistencies that continue be present on the attempts of evaluating its' extent. The article is based on a systematic review of the literature both at a theoretical level, as well as at the level of the empirical studies carried out in Portugal.

AbstractWe estimate Laffer Curves for direct and indirect taxes for each Eurozone country, using panel data from 1995 to 2011, by means of Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) models. We choose the three taxes that contribute the most to the government tax revenue: the value added tax (VAT), the corporate income tax (CT), and the labour income tax (LT). From our estimated significant parameters, which have the expected signs according to the Laffer Curve theory, we obtained a maximum/optimal tax rate for VAT for Greece, Portugal, and Slovakia and for the majority of the Eurozone countries for direct taxes. We also take into consideration the business cycle. Many countries do not present differences in regime, and when they do, the optimal tax rate is higher during recessions. Finally, we compare the observed tax rates in 2012 to the estimated optimal tax rates, to assess if the 2012 policy was located at the prohibitive range of the Laffer Curve. Our results are important for the discussions about fiscal discipline and harmonization in the Eurozone, since they exhibit important disparities between countries and taxes. We can see that, especially for CT and LT, there is a strong divide between the values of the optimal maximum tax rates for Eastern European countries and Western European economies. Additionally, the economic and financial conditions of each country also influence the value for the tax rate.

The Iberian Peninsula is a well-delimited geographic region with a rich and complex human history. However, the causes of its genetic structure and past migratory dynamics are not yet fully understood. In order to shed light on them, here we evaluated the gene flow and genetic structure throughout the Iberian Peninsula with spatially explicit modelling applied to a georeferenced genetic dataset composed of genome-wide SNPs from 746 individuals belonging to 17 different regions of the Peninsula. We found contrasting patterns of genetic structure throughout Iberia. In particular, we identified strong patterns of genetic differentiation caused by relevant barriers to gene flow in northern regions and, on the other hand, a large genetic similarity in central and southern regions. In addition, our results showed a preferential north to south migratory dynamics and suggest a sex-biased dispersal in Mediterranean and southern regions. The estimated genetic patterns did not fit with the geographical relief of the Iberian landscape and they rather seem to follow political and linguistic territorial boundaries.