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Market Expansion: The Case of Genoa
In: The journal of economic history, Band 24, Heft 4, S. 445-464
ISSN: 1471-6372
The honorable program chairman has appended to my paper a title I had not entirely foreseen, and this drove me to modify my line to some extent. I had toyed with the idea of taking a long look at a short period in the fifteenth century, when the Genoese did all they could to adjust to shrinking opportunities and to find new markets in the place of those they were losing. This will still take about one half of my time, if only because it dovetails with the paper of Harry Miskimin. But if Genoa has to be considered as a test case for market expansion, we cannot restrict ourselves to the years when the going was not so good.
Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire. By Ibn Iyâs. Translated and annotated by Gaston Wiet. (Bibliothèque Générale de l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, VIe Section.) Paris: A. Colin, 1955. Pp. iv, 454. Frs. 1,400
In: The journal of economic history, Band 17, Heft 1, S. 144-146
ISSN: 1471-6372
ELIO CARANTI. Sociologia e statistica delle elezioni italiane nel dopoguerra. Pp. 176. Rome: Editrice Studium, n. d. L. 200
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 304, Heft 1, S. 189-190
ISSN: 1552-3349
BACK TO GOLD, 1252
In: The economic history review, Band 9, Heft 2, S. 219-240
ISSN: 1468-0289
Économie et architecture médiévale. Cela aurait-il tué ceci ?
In: Annales: histoire, sciences sociales, Band 7, Heft 4, S. 433-438
ISSN: 1953-8146
Je ne tenterai pas de soutenir une thèse dans ces quelques lignes, ni même de suggérer une hypothèse, mais seulement de proposer un sujet d'enquête. Je m'appuierai moins sur les documents que sur ce que mes yeux ont vu : la grandeur des cathédrales romanes et gothiques de l'Europe du Nord. Quelque peu effacées dans les villes médiévales qui ont grandi depuis, comme Paris, Londres, Bruxelles ou Cologne, elles dominent encore l'horizon des villes de province et paraissent presque écraser les maisons bourgeoises du Puy, de Bourges, de Hal, de Maastricht, de Salisbury, pour ne citer que quelques exemples. C'est là une impression inoubliable pour un Génois, accoutumé aux proportions beaucoup plus modestes des cathédrales lombardes et toscanes (Milan est à peine une exception puisque son Dôme n'a été commencé qu'à la fin du XIVe siècle).
The Dollar of the Middle Ages
In: The journal of economic history, Band 11, Heft 3, S. 209-234
ISSN: 1471-6372
The gold money of the Byzantine Empire "is accepted everywhere from end to end of the earth. It is admired by all men and in all kingdoms, because no kingdom has a currency that can be compared to it." These boastful words of Cosmas Indicopleustes, a contemporary of Justinian die Great, are a typical expression of die pride of die Greek nation. Cosmas was a monk who tried to demonstrate from the Scriptures that the earth was flat, but in his youth he had been an adventurous merchant and traveler, and well he knew where the true primacy of his nation lay. While die armies of Justinian had not marched as far as those of Trajan, and his law was not enforced in all die countries which had obeyed Theodosius, the monetary empire of New Rome was even greater than that of Old Rome. The gold nomisma (or bezant, as die Westerners later called it) was as peerless as die sovereign whose effigy it bore. Procopius, another contemporary of Justinian die Great, stated: "It is not right for die Persian king or for any odier sovereign in die whole barbarian world to imprint his own likeness on a gold stater, and that, too, though he has gold in his own kingdom; for they are unable to tender such a coin to those widi whom they transact business."
Du marché temporaire à la colonie permanente. L'évolution de la politique commerciale au moyen âge
In: Annales: histoire, sciences sociales, Band 4, Heft 4, S. 389-405
ISSN: 1953-8146
Qui songerait aujourd'hui à brosser un tableau du commerce entre la France et l'Union Soviétique ou entre l'Angleterre et les États-Unis sans tenir compte des restrictions que lois et traités imposent à la circulation des hommes, de l'argent et des marchandises ? Si les échanges internationaux ne peuvent être anéantis par ces restrictions, ils en sont néanmoins profondément affectés. Et la conclusion d'un nouveau traité ou l'abrogation d'une clause défavorable pourraient sans aucun doute donner aux échanges un nouvel essor.Voilà qui devrait être présent à notre esprit lorsque nous étudions le commerce international au haut moyen âge. Il ne suffit pas d'analyser les conditions sociales pour voir si elles portaient vers l'économie fermée ou vers l'économie d'échange et si la guerre, la piraterie et le brigandage coupaient les chemins ou les laissaient ouverts ; il faut encore se demander jusqu'à quel point le commerce international était entravé ou favorisé par la politique commerciale des différents États.
The Early History of Deposit Banking in Mediterranean Europe. Vol. 1. Part I: The Structure and Functions of the Early Credit System; Part II: Banking in Catalonia, 1240-1723. By Abbott Payson Usher
In: Political science quarterly: a nonpartisan journal devoted to the study and analysis of government, politics and international affairs ; PSQ, Band 59, Heft 3, S. 459-460
ISSN: 1538-165X
European Merchants in the Medieval Indies: The Evidence of Commercial Documents
In: The journal of economic history, Band 3, Heft 2, S. 164-184
ISSN: 1471-6372
Strangely enough, up to the present day, commercial documents have contributed almost nothing to our knowledge of trade between Europe and India or China in the Middle Ages. The actual management of a voyage to "the Indies," as India and China were designated in the thirteenth or fourteenth century, has remained obscure because our evidence about commerce has come from sources mainly concerned with other matters.
Histoire du Commerce de Marseille. Vol. 1
In: The economic history review, Band 6, Heft 1, S. 84
ISSN: 1468-0289
Medieval trade in the Mediterranean world: Illustrative documents
In: Records of civilization 52
The Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. IV. The Byzantine Empire (2nd edn). Pt II. Government, Church and Civilisation
In: The economic history review, Band 21, Heft 1, S. 182
ISSN: 1468-0289
The Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. IV. The Byzantine Empire. Part I. Byzantium and Its Neighbours
In: The economic history review, Band 20, Heft 1, S. 181
ISSN: 1468-0289