Suchergebnisse

The balancing of rights of equal status is a question widely debated in all modern legal systems, but the complexity of western societies – increasingly engaged with the interaction of different cultures and traditions – expands its quantitative and qualitative significance immeasurably. The purpose of this book is to appraise the potential intersection between two values that are crucial in every community: religious freedom and freedom of intellectual expression. Specialists in various areas of legal science have been asked to make their contributions on this question, the result of which is a precious mapping of the open issues, convincing solutions and suggestions generated by other legal experiences, in addition to the weaknesses that undermine the legal system in force.

The right to asylum in Italy is enshrined in article 10.4 of the Constitution, granting protection to "the foreigner who is denied in his country the effective exercise of the democratic rights guaranteed by the Constitution". Over the years, different laws regulating the asylum issue have been put in place, notably the so-called "Martelli Law" of 1990. Until the beginning of the 1980s, Italy was considered by the international community almost exclusively as a transit route for refugees to other countries (Petrović, 2011: 35). Between 1980 and 1989, 11,831 asylum applications from non-European countries were made in Italy (Hein, 2010). We must remember that the Martelli Law only regulated some fundamental aspects of care given to displaced migrants. This act recognized a contribution of first assistance provided by the Prefectures to all asylum seekers "without means of subsistence or hospitality in Italy". The continuous waves of forced migration in the 1990s, especially from the Balkans, destabilized the asylum system envisioned by the Martelli Law.

The right to work is one of the fundamental pillars of the Italian Constitution (Articles 1 and 4); it is granted to everyone as an instrument for the social, economic and material development of the Nation. However, the Italian Government is free to define certain areas of economic initiative (Article 41) that are considered strategic and of high interest. Italian legislation safeguards the learning of professional skills and the development of an apprenticeship, with no distinction between different types of migrants: asylum seekers and refugees, for example, can be employed after 60 days from the authorisation to stay in Italy. Instead, in Italy, access to employment, from which so-called economic migration can result, is decided by the Presidency of the Minister Council by adopting a specific Flows Decree that indicates the quotas of foreign workers admitted to Italy, divided by type of employment, residence permit and nationality. The governance of active labour policies is substantially decentralised: Ministry of Labour and Social Policies (MLPS) decides the guidelines and manages the national and European budget; the Regions and the Municipalities, respectively, are the operative body, through the Labour Orientation Centres (COL) and the Employment Centres (CPI). The policies for the job placement and training of migrants are carried out by local institutions in cooperation with third sector organisations, through dedicated declarations of intent or, more commonly, by the ordinary reception system (SPRAR/SIPROIMI). The ordinary reception system offers a job orientation service that is combined with other personal support measures (e.g. housing support and pocket money) that is always aimed at the implementation of paid work placement and training for beneficiaries. Calabria is one of the regions with the highest number of ordinary reception projects and the highest rate of residence permits over 12 months (MLPS, 2019). Being a regional economy mainly oriented to agricultural and food production, migrants ...

In Italy, a series of reforms have been carried out in order to introduce concrete measures to stop violence against women. Some legislative measures have represented significant steps forward, including legislation against stalking, laws requiring allocation of financial resources and an extensive network of victim support services, special remunerated leave for workers who are victims of gender-based violence and protection of orphans affected by domestic crime. Regarding governance, integration measures are implemented by two ministries: The Ministry of Labour and Social Policy, and the Department for Equal Opportunities. Local governance is entrusted to the regions, which provide specific programmes and interact with the municipalities and prefectures, which function as guarantors of first reception projects (CAS) and integrated reception for migrant children and refugees (SIPROIMI). In Calabria, integration from a gender perspective is largely entrusted to dialogue between local administrations and third sector organisations, which manage reception projects, participate in the allocation of specific funds managed by the Region and execute reception programmes. In terms of housing, work integration and language learning, the local integration system is fully interconnected and linked to the SIPROIMI territorial projects and CAS centres, as well as to initiatives of the CPIA and employment offices. The prevention and management of victims of trafficking and gender-based violence is entrusted to the national reception system. Despite the progress achieved in promoting women's rights, gender equality is still met with resistance and lacks specialisation in dedicated staff; this is often addressed only in terms of family and maternity policies.

In Italy, the acquisition of the Italian language is considered a fundamental step to guarantee access to the territory for a period of more than one year and the beginning of the integration process. The teaching of the Italian language is entrusted to two channels: from the government side, it is provided by the Provincial Centres for Adult Education (CPIA); these courses are supported by additional hours within the SPRAR system and in some CAS centres, for refugees who are part of an integrated reception project. The Provincial Centres for Adult Education (CPIA) are a type of autonomous teaching institution, with a specific didactic and organizational structure, divided into territorial service networks, usually on a provincial basis. They provide training for adults and young adults, of any gender or nationality, who have not completed compulsory education or have not obtained a final qualification of any level. The Italian language courses within the SPRAR system are autonomously managed, responding to the needs of the migrants, by increasing the number of hours provided and ensuring continuity of learning during the summer period. With regard to CAS centres, where possible, specific local projects are envisaged but not on a national basis, as with the SPRAR system. The SPRAR and CAS network may implement protocols of intent with a CPIA for the enforcement of the education rights of refugees. These organizations contribute to refugees' enrolment in the school system, and the accompaniment of migrants in obtaining a diploma or university registration. The governance of the system is sufficiently integrated between the State, local and third sector levels. The GLIMER team, however, noted the need for more resources (economic, but especially human capital) to strengthen language learning. The training of teaching staff takes place at a national level but the educational approaches are deepened through practice and experience. In recent years, the adoption of methods of self-certification of qualifications by ...

Migration and integration, especially the reception of refugees and displaced peoples, are widely shared social and political challenges across Europe. The purpose of GLIMER is to understand how the governance and local integration of migrants and Europe's refugees is developing, and in ways that can be utilised through best practice sharing and reporting. Inspired by the success of 'welcoming cities' in southern Italy, we will work with civil society groups, local authorities, citizens and refugee groups in order to support sustainable the meaningful integration of diverse communities. We will focus on cities in both Southern and Northern Europe and a key aspect of the project will be dedicated to investigating how the local governance of new arrivals can secure successful integration across a range of indicators. This research will be carried out in close collaboration with practitioners with the aim of co-producing knowledge that can be beneficial for a range of stakeholders including civil society groups and NGOs as well as municipalities.