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Cover -- Contents -- List of Tables -- Foreword -- Introduction Transparency and World Politics -- 1 The End of Secrecy -- 2 From Balance to Concert: A Study of International Security Cooperation -- 3 Domestic Political Competition and Transparency in International Crises: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly -- 4 Know Thine Enemy: Information and Democratic Foreign Policy -- 5 Press Freedom and Peace: Theory and Findings -- 6 The Surprising Logic of Transparency -- 7 Sources of Transparency: Information Systems in International Regimes -- 8 The Implications of Emerging Satellite Information Technologies for Global Transparency and International Security -- 9 Transparency and the News Media -- 10 Beyond Transparency: Visibility and Fit in the Internationalization of Internal Conflict -- 11 Diplomacy, Proof, and Authority in the Information Age -- Conclusion: Power and Conflict in the Age of Transparency -- Contributors -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- I -- N -- O -- P -- S -- T -- U -- W.

This study investigates the knowledge and perception of smallholder cocoa farmers on the potential impacts of climate change on cocoa production in Ghana. It addresses opinions on the inclusion of climate change mitigation strategies (such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation&mdash ; REDD+) into cocoa production, and potential obstacles and roles of stakeholders in ensuring community acceptance of such strategies in a unique multiple land use area&mdash ; the Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve. Data from the Ghana Meteorological Agency and through survey of 205 cocoa farmers were assessed with Mann-Kendall, Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Farmers&rsquo ; perceptions of changes in climate were notably diverse and did not always match historic weather data, but accurately described increases in temperature and drought which are linked to cocoa productivity. Farmers appreciate the importance of tree maintenance for ecosystem services but were skeptical of financially rewarding climate change strategies which favor tree protection. Cultural practices associated with cocoa production encourage carbon release and may pose a threat to the objectives of REDD+. Farmers&rsquo ; experience on the land, interactions with other farmers, government extension agents and cocoa buyers all influence cocoa agroforestry practices in the area, and communication through existing entities (particularly extension agents) presents a pathway to community acceptance of climate change mitigation strategies. The study recommends reforms in REDD+ strategies to adopt flexible and participatory frameworks to facilitate adoption and acceptability due to pronounced heterogeneity in community perceptions and knowledge of climate change and related issues.

Throughout the world there are problems recruiting ethnic minority patients into cancer clinical trials. A major barrier to trial entry may be distrust of research and the medical system. This may be compounded by the regulatory framework governing research with an emphasis on written consent, closed questions and consent documentation, as well as fiscal issues. The Leicester UK experience is that trial accrual is better if British South Asian patients are approached by a senior doctor rather than someone of perceived lesser hierarchical status and a greater partnership between the hospital and General Practitioner may increase trial participation of this particular ethnic minority. In Los Angeles, USA, trial recruitment was improved by a greater utilisation of Hispanic staff and a Spanish language-based education programme. Involvement of community leaders is essential. While adhering to national, legal and ethnical standards, information sheets and consent, it helps if forms can be tailored towards the local ethnic minority population. Written translations are often of limited value in the recruitment of patients with no or limited knowledge of English. In some cultural settings, tape-recorded verbal consent (following approval presentations) may be an acceptable substitute for written consent, and appropriate legislative changes should be considered to facilitate this option. Approaches should be tailored to specific minority populations, taking consideration of their unique characteristics and with input from their community leadership.