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Le débat sur la manière de traiter les statues de personnalités problématiques remplit depuis un certain temps les quotidiens et les forums électroniques. Des colloques scientifiques et des débats politiques s'enchaînent, alors que des commissions ad hoc se penchent sur les cas concrets à la recherche d'une solution pragmatique. Dans le feu de l'action, on a tendance à oublier qu'il s'agit d'un problème récurrent tout au long de l'histoire et dont les débuts remontent déjà à l'Antiquité. ; Cite as: Baumer, Lorenz E. (2021): Un problème très ancien. Le traitement des statues impopulaires dans l'Antiquité tardive, in: Denkmal | Monument. brèves contributions à un long débat (Bulletin de l'Académie suisse des sciences humaines et sociales 27,1), pp. 40–43.

In epidemiology and clinical research, there is often a proportion of unexposed individuals resulting in zero values of exposure, meaning that some individuals are not exposed and those exposed have some continuous distribution. Examples are smoking or alcohol consumption. We will call these variables with a spike at zero (SAZ). In this paper, we performed a systematic investigation on how to model covariates with a SAZ and derived theoretical odds ratio functions for selected bivariate distributions. We consider the bivariate normal and bivariate log normal distribution with a SAZ. Both confounding and effect modification can be elegantly described by formalizing the covariance matrix given the binary outcome variable Y. To model the effect of these variables, we use a procedure based on fractional polynomials first introduced by Royston and Altman (1994, Applied Statistics 43: 429–467) and modified for the SAZ situation (Royston and Sauerbrei, 2008, Multivariable model‐building: a pragmatic approach to regression analysis based on fractional polynomials for modelling continuous variables, Wiley; Becher et al., 2012, Biometrical Journal 54: 686–700). We aim to contribute to theory, practical procedures and application in epidemiology and clinical research to derive multivariable models for variables with a SAZ. As an example, we use data from a case–control study on lung cancer.

Low back pain is highly prevalent and places a considerable burden on individuals, their families and communities. This back pain burden is unequally distributed around the world and within populations. Clinicians and researchers addressing back pain should be aware of the cultural, social and political context of back pain patients and how this context can influence pain perception, disability and health care use. Culture, which influences the beliefs and behaviour of individuals within a social group, could be considered an important contributor to the unequal distribution of back pain. However, there is paucity of high-quality research exploring the influence of culture on the experience and management of back pain. Further development and testing of specific tools, assessment methods and communication strategies are needed to improve our understanding of how cultural practices, values and identifications affect those dealing with back pain.

We analyze the timing of photons observed by the MAGIC telescope during a flare of the active galactic nucleus Mkn 501 for a possible correlation with energy, as suggested by some models of quantum gravity (QG), which predict a vacuum refractive index ≃ 1 + (E / MQGn)n, n = 1, 2. Parametrizing the delay between γ-rays of different energies as Δ t = ± τl E or Δ t = ± τq E2, we find τl = (0.030 ± 0.012) s / GeV at the 2.5-σ level, and τq = (3.71 ± 2.57) × 10-6 s / GeV2, respectively. We use these results to establish lower limits MQG 1 > 0.21 × 1018 GeV and MQG 2 > 0.26 × 1011 GeV at the 95% C.L. Monte Carlo studies confirm the MAGIC sensitivity to propagation effects at these levels. Thermal plasma effects in the source are negligible, but we cannot exclude the importance of some other source effect. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ; The MAGIC Collaboration thanks the IAC for the excellent working conditions at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos in La Palma and gratefully acknowledges the support of the German BMBF and MPG, the Italian INFN and the Spanish CICYT. This work was also supported by ETH Research Grant TH 34/04 3 and the Polish MNiI Grant 1P03D01028. The work of J.E. and N.E.M. was partially supported by the European Union through the Marie Curie Research and Training Network UniverseNet MRTN-CT-2006-035863, and that of D.V.N. by DOE grant DE-FG02-95ER40917. ; Peer Reviewed