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How should we analyze the dialogue over war and peace in the United States? If, as many studies hold, an important part of the debate is about justifying and rebutting justifications of martial policies, how do those attempts work in terms of argument types and strategies? Furthermore, what are those strategies, and how do they function to mobilize support for either side? Extant research on the details involved in such questions is surprisingly scant. To rectify this, the present work analyzes the dialogue and typologizes the arguments used by proponents and opponents by organizing them into categories. I deploy a discursive institutionalist methodology, combining new research on the arguments used by proponents of war with previous work on opposition to wars. The study provides a new understanding of the constituent arguments, norms, and typologies of recent political discussions concerning war and peace in the United States. In so doing, this article offers a new explanation of the dynamics of the debate as well as a thorough rendering of the positions participants take when supporting and opposing the use of armed force.

Intro -- Timeline -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Discussions of War and the Necessity Standard -- Introduction -- Discussions of War, the Decision-Making Process, and the Necessity Standard -- Presidential Discussions of War: Discursive Institutionalism and Justifications -- Results -- Layout of the Book -- Chapter 2: The Necessity Standard, Arguments, and Norms -- The Concept of Necessity -- Differences with Similar Concepts -- Necessity as a Standard -- The Origins of the Necessity Standard -- Suspicion of Standing Armies, and References to the Negative Impact of War on Freedom and Republican Institutions -- The Duty to Use Military Force to Defend Freedoms, Sovereignty, Territory, and Trade -- Arguments and Norms -- Types of Arguments: How Proponents of War Construct Necessity -- Realist Arguments -- Nationalist Arguments -- Values Arguments -- Variations of the Democratic/Liberal Security Proposition -- Identifying Norms -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3: The War of 1812 -- The Contexts of the War with Britain -- President Madison on the War with Britain -- Why War? Duties and Vital Interests -- Why War Now? The Absence of Viable Alternatives -- Congressional Applications of the Standard -- The Standard in Related Policy Discussions -- Madison's Application of the Standard and Policy -- Chapter 4: The War with Mexico -- The Contexts of the War with Mexico -- President Polk on the War with Mexico -- Why War? Duties and Vital Interests -- Why War Now? The Absence of Viable Alternatives -- Congressional Applications of the Necessity Standard -- The Standard and Related Policy Discussions -- Polk's Application of the Standard and Policy -- Chapter 5: The War with Spain and the Insurgency in the Philippines -- Contexts of the War with Spain -- President McKinley on War with Spain and the Filipino Insurrection.

Every sale is made or lost in 60 seconds-make them count Cold calling and pushing your way into an office or a living room creates an atmosphere of adversity and distrust you must overcome before you close the deal. With those tired tactics, you're swimming upstream, against a strong current, with a bag of rocks tied to your waist. Sales has changed. Legacy sales gimmicks destroy relationships right from the first minute. The 60 Second Sale is a turnkey system for building profitable, lifelong relationships. Whether you work with affluent consumers or sell to senior executives in FORTUNE 500 companies, this step-by-step guide will help you open doors, close deals, and make more money in a way that leverages your natural strengths. That's the magnificence of the 60 second sale system. You get to be yourself and build your business. In this book you will discover: -How to start a sales conversation in 60 seconds -Who to target for immediate income -A powerful yet easy-to-use system to generate relationship revenue -Five ways to initiate new relationships -What to say to make sure your business meetings result in money in the bank -The secret to getting a "yes" every time, even in the most competitive sales environment -The winning mindset that removes the stress, uncertainty, and fear from income generation -And so many other effective business growth strategies, your competition won't know what hit them Business relationships are built one minute at a time. From introduction to closing, every 60 seconds you have an opportunity to strengthen your relationship or destroy it. Isn't it time you started leveraging your expertise, demonstrating your value, and building trust with your clients' When you do, they buy into who you are and how you can help them - right from the first minute. The 60 Second Sale is a fail-proof system for succeeding in today's relationship-focused sales environment.

Machine generated contents note: -- 1. Introduction2. Utopia (Thomas More)3. Isle of Pines (Henry Neville)4. Looking Backward (Edward Bellamy)5. News from Nowehere (William Morris)6. We (Evgeni Zamyatin)7. Nineteen Eighty-Four (George Orwell)8. ConclusionBibliographyIndex

What arguments have critics of American wars and interventions put forward, and what arguments do they currently employ? Thomas Jefferson, Henry Thoreau, John Calhoun, the Anti-Imperialist League, Herbert Hoover, Charles Lindbergh, Martin Luther King Jr., and Ron Paul (among others) have criticized proposals to intervene in other countries, enter wars, acquire foreign territory, and engage in a forward defense posture. Despite cogent objections, they have also generally lost the argument. Why do they lose? This book provides answers to these questions through a survey of oppositional arguments over time, augmented by the views of contemporary critics, including those of Ron Paul, Chalmers Johnson and Noam Chomsky. Author David J. Lorenzo demonstrates how and why a significant number of arguments are dismissed as irrelevant, unpatriotic, overly pessimistic, or radically out of the mainstream. Other lines of reasoning might provide a compelling critique of wars and interventions from a wide variety of perspectives - and still lose.

Close attention to the writings of the founding fathers of the Republic of China on Taiwan shows that democracy is indeed compatible with Chinese culture.Conceptions of Chinese Democracy provides a coherent and critical introduction to the democratic thought of three fathers of modern Taiwan—Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, and Chiang Ching-kuo—in a way that is accessible and grounded in broader traditions of political theory.David J. Lorenzo's comparative study allows the reader to understand the leaders' democratic conceptions and highlights important contradictions, strengths, and weaknesses that are central to any discussion of Chinese culture and democratic theory. Lorenzo further considers the influence of their writings on political theorists, democracy advocates, and activists on mainland China.Students of political science and theory, democratization, and Chinese culture and history will benefit from the book's substantive discussions of democracy, and scholars and specialists will appreciate the larger arguments about the influence of these ideas and their transmission through time.

Why did Locke exclude Catholics and atheists from toleration? Not, I contend, because he was trapped by his context, but because his prudential approach and practical judgments led him to traditional texts. I make this argument first by outlining the connections among prudential exceptionality, practical judgments, and traditional texts. I then describe important continuities between conventional English understandings of the relationship between state and religion and Locke's writings on toleration, discuss Locke's conception of rights, and illustrate his use of prudential exceptions and distinctions. I conclude by arguing that Locke's problems are relevant to assessing contemporary liberal discussions of toleration and the separation of state and religion that lean heavily on practical justifications.