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AbstractThis article explores the way in which the Spanish and the Swiss legations in Japan acted and reacted to violent change in the international environment. By looking at the period of Japanese wartime aggression in Asia and the Pacific from 1931–1945, it analyzes key moments for both diplomatic missions, when changes abroad or at home led their respective diplomats to take a stance beyond the regular representation of national interests. The article argues that violent conflicts impacted the diplomatic behavior of the legations in Japan heavily. They were shaped by new policies in reaction to the violence, while sometimes also engaging in shaping such policies themselves.

"Lottaz, Iwama, and their contributors investigate the role of neutral and nonaligned European states during the negotiations for the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). Focusing on the years from the Irish Resolution of 1958 until the treaty's opening for signatures ten years later, the nine chapters written by area experts highlight the processes and reasons for the political and diplomatic actions the neutrals took, and how those impacted the multilateral treaty negotiations. The book reveals new aspects of the dynamics that lead to this most consequential multilateral breakthrough of the Cold War. In part one, three chapters analyze the international system from a bird's eye perspective, discussing neutrality, nonalignment, and the nuclear order. The second part features six detailed case studies on the politics and diplomacy of Ireland, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Austria, and Yugoslavia. Overall, this study suggests that despite the volatile and dangerous nature of the early Cold War, the balance of the strategic environment enabled actors that were not part of one or the other alliance system to play a role in the interlocking global politics that finally created the nuclear regime that defines international relations until today. A valuable resource for scholars of nonproliferation, the cold war, neutrality, nonalignment, and area studies"--

Lottaz, Iwama, and their contributors investigate the role of neutral and nonaligned European states during the negotiations for the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). Focusing on the years from the Irish Resolution of 1958 until the treaty's opening for signatures ten years later, the nine chapters written by area experts highlight the processes and reasons for the political and diplomatic actions the neutrals took, and how those impacted the multilateral treaty negotiations. The book reveals new aspects of the dynamics that lead to this most consequential multilateral breakthrough of the Cold War. In part one, three chapters analyze the international system from a bird's eye perspective, discussing neutrality, nonalignment, and the nuclear order. The second part features six detailed case studies on the politics and diplomacy of Ireland, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Austria, and Yugoslavia. Overall, this study suggests that despite the volatile and dangerous nature of the early Cold War, the balance of the strategic environment enabled actors that were not part of one or the other alliance system to play a role in the interlocking global politics that finally created the nuclear regime that defines international relations until today. A valuable resource for scholars of nonproliferation, the Cold War, neutrality, nonalignment, and area studies.

Lottaz, Iwama, and their contributors investigate the role of neutral and nonaligned European states during the negotiations for the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). Focusing on the years from the Irish Resolution of 1958 until the treaty's opening for signatures ten years later, the nine chapters written by area experts highlight the processes and reasons for the political and diplomatic actions the neutrals took, and how those impacted the multilateral treaty negotiations. The book reveals new aspects of the dynamics that lead to this most consequential multilateral breakthrough of the Cold War. In part one, three chapters analyze the international system from a bird's eye perspective, discussing neutrality, nonalignment, and the nuclear order. The second part features six detailed case studies on the politics and diplomacy of Ireland, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Austria, and Yugoslavia. Overall, this study suggests that despite the volatile and dangerous nature of the early Cold War, the balance of the strategic environment enabled actors that were not part of one or the other alliance system to play a role in the interlocking global politics that finally created the nuclear regime that defines international relations until today. A valuable resource for scholars of nonproliferation, the Cold War, neutrality, nonalignment, and area studies.

Neutrality, neutralism, and nonalignment in the early Cold War / Pascal Lottaz -- The making of the "1968 Global Nuclear Order" / Yoko Iwama -- Neutral and nonaligned nations in the making of the postcolonial nuclear order / Jonathan Hunt -- Ireland / Mervyn O'Driscoll -- Sweden / Thomas Jonter -- Finland / Tapio Juntunen -- Switzerland / Benno Zogg -- Austria / Herbert R. Reginbogin and Anna Graf-Steiner -- Yugoslavia / Marko Miljković.

Introduction -- In the beginning : early Swedish-Japanese relations -- Trade under protest : a war in all but name -- Fading protest : total war in China -- Staying relevant : total war in Europe -- Fully engaged : total war in the Pacific -- In the end : Widar Bagge, Japan, and the end of the Second World War.

We thank Ekman & Co AB and Gadelius Holding Ltd for their kind and generous support, making this research available online for free.Lottaz and Ottosson explore the intricate relationship between neutral Sweden and Imperial Japan during the latter's 15 years of warfare in Asia and in the Pacific. While Sweden's relationship with European Axis powers took place under the premise of existential security concerns, the case of Japan was altogether different. Japan never was a threat to Sweden, militarily or economically. Nevertheless, Stockholm maintained a close relationship with Tokyo until Japan's surrender in 1945. This book explores the reasons for that and therefore provides a study on the rationale and the value of neutrality in the Long Second World War. Sweden, Japan, and the Long Second World War is a valuable resource for scholars of the Second World War and of the history of neutrality.

Neutrality and geopolitics : responding to change / Laurent Goetschel -- Neutrality and small states : a strategic approach / Hillary Briffa -- Neutrality and neutralization : a geopolitical statecraft / Herbert Reginbogin -- Neutrality and peacemaking : a compass for Austrian peace policy / Thomas Roithner -- Neutrality and diplomacy : voices of diplomats / Eva Nowotny and Peter Jankowitsch -- Neutrality in international organizations I : The United Nations / Angela Kane -- Neutrality in international organizations II : ASEAN / Charis Si En Tay -- Belarus : between alliance and neutralism / Yauheni Preiherman and Pascal Lottaz -- Moldova : the whims of neutrality politics / David X. Noack -- Ukraine : overcoming geopolitical insecurity / Heinz Gärtner and Maya Janik -- Georgia : neutrality as an alternative to the Atlantic course? / Heinz Gärtner and Maya Janik -- Serbia : origins and impacts of the military neutrality policy / Keiichi Kubo -- Turkmenistan : the eccentric neutral / Luca Anceschi -- Afghanistan : a path toward stability with permanent neutrality? / Nasir A. Andisha -- Mongolia : neutrality, a nice horse / Pascal Lottaz and Tumurjin Ganbaatar.

This book examines Vatican diplomacy from the fall of the Papal States in 1870 to the present day. The contributors focus on the concept of permanent neutrality and trace the Vatican's political transformation into a modern international institution in conjunction with its use of neutrality as a tool of diplomacy and statecraft.