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International audience ; The recent decentralization reforms in France identify "intercommunality" (institutionalized municipal cooperation) as the reference level for the implementation of local policies. Inhabitants are however struggling to acknowledge these institutions, either ignoring or not paying attention to them. Conversely, the population understands more clearly 'local' community policies such as water management, waste collection and treatment, and public transport. These urban services could therefore represent a gateway to develop 'intercommunal culture', or a means to overcome the municipal scale and endorse an expanded territory. As studying these services permits analysis of the relationship between inhabitants and intercommunality, 600 questionnaires and 50 interviews were undertaken in the Le Havre (CODAH) and Rouen (CREA) urban areas. ; Les dernières réformes de décentralisation définissent l'intercommunalité comme un échelon de référence dans la mise en œuvre des politiques locales. Les habitants peinent cependant à s'approprier ces territoires. Ils méconnaissent ces organisations, voire s'en désintéressent. A contrario, les politiques communautaires « de proximité » apparaissent davantage identifiées (gestion de l'eau, collecte et traitement des déchets, transports collectifs). Dès lors, ces services urbains pourraient représenter une porte d'entrée dans la culture intercommunale, un moyen de dépasser l'échelon municipal et de faire sien le territoire élargi. Il s'agira, à travers ces services, d'analyser la relation habitants-intercommunalité. Pour ce faire, 600 questionnaires et 50 entretiens ont été réalisés dans les Communautés de l'agglomération havraise (CODAH) et de Rouen-Elbeuf-Austreberthe (CREA devenue « Métropole »).

International audience ; The recent decentralization reforms in France identify "intercommunality" (institutionalized municipal cooperation) as the reference level for the implementation of local policies. Inhabitants are however struggling to acknowledge these institutions, either ignoring or not paying attention to them. Conversely, the population understands more clearly 'local' community policies such as water management, waste collection and treatment, and public transport. These urban services could therefore represent a gateway to develop 'intercommunal culture', or a means to overcome the municipal scale and endorse an expanded territory. As studying these services permits analysis of the relationship between inhabitants and intercommunality, 600 questionnaires and 50 interviews were undertaken in the Le Havre (CODAH) and Rouen (CREA) urban areas. ; Les dernières réformes de décentralisation définissent l'intercommunalité comme un échelon de référence dans la mise en œuvre des politiques locales. Les habitants peinent cependant à s'approprier ces territoires. Ils méconnaissent ces organisations, voire s'en désintéressent. A contrario, les politiques communautaires « de proximité » apparaissent davantage identifiées (gestion de l'eau, collecte et traitement des déchets, transports collectifs). Dès lors, ces services urbains pourraient représenter une porte d'entrée dans la culture intercommunale, un moyen de dépasser l'échelon municipal et de faire sien le territoire élargi. Il s'agira, à travers ces services, d'analyser la relation habitants-intercommunalité. Pour ce faire, 600 questionnaires et 50 entretiens ont été réalisés dans les Communautés de l'agglomération havraise (CODAH) et de Rouen-Elbeuf-Austreberthe (CREA devenue « Métropole »).

International audience ; The development of the inter-municipal cooperation gives rise to some major territorial and governmental reorganization. The elected in charge are then confronted to the complex exercise of the municipal cooperation and the definition of a territorial project. It will be a question of studying the inter-municipal cooperation towards the technical, political and "territorial learning" operated by the mayors. That is illustrated by the study of the Toulouse city région, which is splited in three metropolitan council of governments : it shows more or less advanced territories in the community integration process. Some technical managers and more than eighty mayors were asked about that. ; Le développement de l'intercommunalité donne lieu à des recompositions territoriales et gouvernementales majeures. Les élus se confrontent alors à l'exercice complexe de la coopération et à la définition d'un projet territorial. Il s'agira d'étudier la coopération intercommunale au regard des apprentissages (techniques, politiques et territoriaux) opérés par les maires et de concentrer l'analyse sur les « instruments » de ce processus. Ce propos est illustré par l'étude de l'agglomération toulousaine qui, fragmentée en trois communautés d'agglomérations ou urbaine, donne à voir des territoires plus ou moins avancés dans le mouvement d'intégration communautaire. A cette occasion, plus de 80 maires, ainsi que des responsables techniques, ont été interrogés.

International audience ; The development of the inter-municipal cooperation gives rise to some major territorial and governmental reorganization. The elected in charge are then confronted to the complex exercise of the municipal cooperation and the definition of a territorial project. It will be a question of studying the inter-municipal cooperation towards the technical, political and "territorial learning" operated by the mayors. That is illustrated by the study of the Toulouse city région, which is splited in three metropolitan council of governments : it shows more or less advanced territories in the community integration process. Some technical managers and more than eighty mayors were asked about that. ; Le développement de l'intercommunalité donne lieu à des recompositions territoriales et gouvernementales majeures. Les élus se confrontent alors à l'exercice complexe de la coopération et à la définition d'un projet territorial. Il s'agira d'étudier la coopération intercommunale au regard des apprentissages (techniques, politiques et territoriaux) opérés par les maires et de concentrer l'analyse sur les « instruments » de ce processus. Ce propos est illustré par l'étude de l'agglomération toulousaine qui, fragmentée en trois communautés d'agglomérations ou urbaine, donne à voir des territoires plus ou moins avancés dans le mouvement d'intégration communautaire. A cette occasion, plus de 80 maires, ainsi que des responsables techniques, ont été interrogés.

The development of the inter-municipal cooperation gives rise to some major territorial and governmental reorganization. The elected in charge are then confronted to the complex exercise of the inter-municipal cooperation and the definition of a territorial project. It will be a question of studying the inter-municipal cooperation towards the technical, political and territorial apprenticeships operated by the mayors. That is illustrated by the study of the Toulouse city région, which is splited in three communities of town : it shows more or less advanced territories in the movement of community integration. Some technical managers and more than eighty mayors were asked about that. ; Le développement de l'intercommunalité donne lieu à des recompositions territoriales et gouvernementales majeures. Les élus se confrontent alors à l'exercice complexe de la coopération et à la définition d'un projet territorial. Il s'agira d'étudier la coopération intercommunale au regard des apprentissages (techniques, politiques et territoriaux) opérés par les maires. Ce propos est illustré par l'étude de l'agglomération toulousaine qui, fragmentée en trois communautés d'agglomérations ou urbaine, donne à voir des territoires plus ou moins avancés dans le mouvement d'intégration communautaire. A cette occasion, plus de 80 maires, ainsi que des responsables techniques, ont été interrogés.

The development of the inter-municipal cooperation gives rise to some major territorial and governmental reorganization. The elected in charge are then confronted to the complex exercise of the inter-municipal cooperation and the definition of a territorial project. It will be a question of studying the inter-municipal cooperation towards the technical, political and territorial apprenticeships operated by the mayors. That is illustrated by the study of the Toulouse city région, which is splited in three communities of town : it shows more or less advanced territories in the movement of community integration. Some technical managers and more than eighty mayors were asked about that. ; Le développement de l'intercommunalité donne lieu à des recompositions territoriales et gouvernementales majeures. Les élus se confrontent alors à l'exercice complexe de la coopération et à la définition d'un projet territorial. Il s'agira d'étudier la coopération intercommunale au regard des apprentissages (techniques, politiques et territoriaux) opérés par les maires. Ce propos est illustré par l'étude de l'agglomération toulousaine qui, fragmentée en trois communautés d'agglomérations ou urbaine, donne à voir des territoires plus ou moins avancés dans le mouvement d'intégration communautaire. A cette occasion, plus de 80 maires, ainsi que des responsables techniques, ont été interrogés.

International audience ; Over the past two decades, the Baltic sea has known multiple upheaveals, both political and economic. They have notably forced ports to change and adapt to the evolving maritime industries. The ports of the Eastern Baltic have gone from a complementary position as instruments of Soviet collectivism to becoming integrated within a global maritime and portuary system that is synonymous with liberalism. In addition, the issue of modifying governance and portuary regulations, within a rapidly evolving area, is of particular interest to the Baltic space. A literature review and a fieldwork based on two dozen interviews (with elected officials, representatives of port authorities, directors of dock handling companies, heads of chambers of commerce, lobbyists…) highlights how the choices of actors structure ports and affect territorial development (ports, urban areas, inland). ; Desde hace dos décadas el mar Báltico se ha visto afectado por múltiples conflictos geopoliticos y económicos, que han obligado a los puertos a transformarse y adaptarse a los cambios del sector marítimo. Los puertos del Báltico oriental han pasado de ser instrumentos complementarios del colectivismo soviético a su integración, en un contexto de liberalismo, como parte del sistema marítimo y portuario mundial. En una zona en profunda transformación es muy relevante la modificación de la normativa y el modelo de gobernanza portuario. ; Depuis une vingtaine d'années, la mer Baltique a été touchée par de multiples bouleversements d'abord géopolitiques, mais également économiques. Ceux-ci ont notamment obligé les ports à se transformer et à s'adapter aux évolutions de l'industrie maritime. Les ports de la Baltique orientale sont passés d'une situation de complémentarité, instruments du collectivisme soviétique, à une intégration dans le système maritime et portuaire mondial synonyme de libéralisme. Aussi, la question de la modification de la gouvernance et des régulations portuaires au sein d'une région en pleine mutation ...

International audience ; Over the past two decades, the Baltic sea has known multiple upheaveals, both political and economic. They have notably forced ports to change and adapt to the evolving maritime industries. The ports of the Eastern Baltic have gone from a complementary position as instruments of Soviet collectivism to becoming integrated within a global maritime and portuary system that is synonymous with liberalism. In addition, the issue of modifying governance and portuary regulations, within a rapidly evolving area, is of particular interest to the Baltic space. A literature review and a fieldwork based on two dozen interviews (with elected officials, representatives of port authorities, directors of dock handling companies, heads of chambers of commerce, lobbyists…) highlights how the choices of actors structure ports and affect territorial development (ports, urban areas, inland). ; Desde hace dos décadas el mar Báltico se ha visto afectado por múltiples conflictos geopoliticos y económicos, que han obligado a los puertos a transformarse y adaptarse a los cambios del sector marítimo. Los puertos del Báltico oriental han pasado de ser instrumentos complementarios del colectivismo soviético a su integración, en un contexto de liberalismo, como parte del sistema marítimo y portuario mundial. En una zona en profunda transformación es muy relevante la modificación de la normativa y el modelo de gobernanza portuario. ; Depuis une vingtaine d'années, la mer Baltique a été touchée par de multiples bouleversements d'abord géopolitiques, mais également économiques. Ceux-ci ont notamment obligé les ports à se transformer et à s'adapter aux évolutions de l'industrie maritime. Les ports de la Baltique orientale sont passés d'une situation de complémentarité, instruments du collectivisme soviétique, à une intégration dans le système maritime et portuaire mondial synonyme de libéralisme. Aussi, la question de la modification de la gouvernance et des régulations portuaires au sein d'une région en pleine mutation intéresse particulièrement l'espace baltique. Une revue de littérature ainsi qu'un travail de terrain appuyé sur une vingtaine d'entretiens (auprès d'élus, représentants des autorités portuaires, directeurs d'entreprises de manutention, responsables de chambres de commerce, lobbyistes…) permettent de mettre en lumière la manière dont les jeux d'acteurs structurent les places portuaires et impactent le développement des territoires (portuaires, urbains, arrière-pays).

International audience ; Maritime industry transformations force ports to redefine their scope of activities and has an impact on the new trajectories of governance marked by a new level of complexity which has caused a reshaping of the actors' system involved in the organization of ports. Models of port governance commonly consider the "public sector" to be a homogeneous object. But, its variety, the functions it performs and how it is linked with each other actor in the port are not so much analysed. So, the paper aims to provide some insights into this question. Moreover, the development of port activity echoes in the regional economy as well, hence governance is essential to maximizing the impact of ports on their region's economic development. The territory may be a resource for the port and its development. Correspondingly, the port is involved in urban/regional development. Likewise, the paper also seeks to identify the characteristics, constraints and dynamics of the relationship between ports and cities and to study their potential impacts on territorial development. It specifically focuses on an intermediate scale of port-cities. The methodology of this paper is primarily qualitative: interviews are conducted among key actors in ports. Collected speeches are the subject of a content analysis and a statistical treatment of textual data. The study mainly focuses on interrogations about the institutional status of the ports, the issues and consequences of the choices or the role of each category of actors (private /public for instance) in port and/or city governance.

International audience ; Maritime industry transformations force ports to redefine their scope of activities and has an impact on the new trajectories of governance marked by a new level of complexity which has caused a reshaping of the actors' system involved in the organization of ports. Models of port governance commonly consider the "public sector" to be a homogeneous object. But, its variety, the functions it performs and how it is linked with each other actor in the port are not so much analysed. So, the paper aims to provide some insights into this question. Moreover, the development of port activity echoes in the regional economy as well, hence governance is essential to maximizing the impact of ports on their region's economic development. The territory may be a resource for the port and its development. Correspondingly, the port is involved in urban/regional development. Likewise, the paper also seeks to identify the characteristics, constraints and dynamics of the relationship between ports and cities and to study their potential impacts on territorial development. It specifically focuses on an intermediate scale of port-cities. The methodology of this paper is primarily qualitative: interviews are conducted among key actors in ports. Collected speeches are the subject of a content analysis and a statistical treatment of textual data. The study mainly focuses on interrogations about the institutional status of the ports, the issues and consequences of the choices or the role of each category of actors (private /public for instance) in port and/or city governance.

International audience ; This work examines the impact of ICT in the building process of intercommunality. The study examines the stakes and implications of extending the "Very-High-Speed Broadband Project" beyond its initial town-level application (Gonfreville l'Orcher) to include the entire metropolitan area of Le Havre. Qualitative analysis was prioritised by means of interviews with local representatives and inter-borough administrators and also with the IT technicians who worked on the initial project. The study has produced several important findings. The integration of ICT more and more frequently in the public affairs brings a new light on the institutionalization and even more, on the territorialisation of intercommunality. Whereas public transportation, culture, sport, economics and social affairs are constant policies, the ICT sector remains confidential for most of the public actors and is especially invested in a unequal way. Therefore, a township commitment on this issue offers leadership opportunities to the elect, but facilitates also the entry of entrepreneurs or political outsiders in the intercommunal scene. The hybrid status and volatility of ICT sets them as interface between three main key issues: political gain, creation of community solidarity, technical learning. Actors of intercommunality experience their commitment in ICT field around these three dimensions sometimes with moderate ambitions or cautious waiting. Finally, as ICT bring political, technical and territorial complexity as well as a real institutional creativity, it reveals and feeds dynamics around intercommunality governance. ; Ce travail interroge l'inscription des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (TIC) dans le processus de construction intercommunale. Il focalise sur les enjeux et modalités de transfert à l'échelle de la Communauté de l'Agglomération Havraise (CODAH) d'un projet « Très Haut Débit » d'abord engagé à l'échelle communale (Gonfreville l'Orcher). L'analyse qualitative a été privilégiée via ...

International audience This work examines the impact of ICT in the building process of intercommunality. The study examines the stakes and implications of extending the "Very-High-Speed Broadband Project" beyond its initial town-level application (Gonfreville l'Orcher) to include the entire metropolitan area of Le Havre. Qualitative analysis was prioritised by means of interviews with local representatives and inter-borough administrators and also with the IT technicians who worked on the initial project. The study has produced several important findings. The integration of ICT more and more frequently in the public affairs brings a new light on the institutionalization and even more, on the territorialisation of intercommunality. Whereas public transportation, culture, sport, economics and social affairs are constant policies, the ICT sector remains confidential for most of the public actors and is especially invested in a unequal way. Therefore, a township commitment on this issue offers leadership opportunities to the elect, but facilitates also the entry of entrepreneurs or political outsiders in the intercommunal scene. The hybrid status and volatility of ICT sets them as interface between three main key issues: political gain, creation of community solidarity, technical learning. Actors of intercommunality experience their commitment in ICT field around these three dimensions sometimes with moderate ambitions or cautious waiting. Finally, as ICT bring political, technical and territorial complexity as well as a real institutional creativity, it reveals and feeds dynamics around intercommunality governance. ; Ce travail interroge l'inscription des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (TIC) dans le processus de construction intercommunale. Il focalise sur les enjeux et modalités de transfert à l'échelle de la Communauté de l'Agglomération Havraise (CODAH) d'un projet « Très Haut Débit » d'abord engagé à l'échelle communale (Gonfreville l'Orcher). L'analyse qualitative a été privilégiée via ...

International audience ; This work examines the impact of ICT in the building process of intercommunality. The study examines the stakes and implications of extending the "Very-High-Speed Broadband Project" beyond its initial town-level application (Gonfreville l'Orcher) to include the entire metropolitan area of Le Havre. Qualitative analysis was prioritised by means of interviews with local representatives and inter-borough administrators and also with the IT technicians who worked on the initial project. The study has produced several important findings. The integration of ICT more and more frequently in the public affairs brings a new light on the institutionalization and even more, on the territorialisation of intercommunality. Whereas public transportation, culture, sport, economics and social affairs are constant policies, the ICT sector remains confidential for most of the public actors and is especially invested in a unequal way. Therefore, a township commitment on this issue offers leadership opportunities to the elect, but facilitates also the entry of entrepreneurs or political outsiders in the intercommunal scene. The hybrid status and volatility of ICT sets them as interface between three main key issues: political gain, creation of community solidarity, technical learning. Actors of intercommunality experience their commitment in ICT field around these three dimensions sometimes with moderate ambitions or cautious waiting. Finally, as ICT bring political, technical and territorial complexity as well as a real institutional creativity, it reveals and feeds dynamics around intercommunality governance. ; Ce travail interroge l'inscription des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (TIC) dans le processus de construction intercommunale. Il focalise sur les enjeux et modalités de transfert à l'échelle de la Communauté de l'Agglomération Havraise (CODAH) d'un projet « Très Haut Débit » d'abord engagé à l'échelle communale (Gonfreville l'Orcher). L'analyse qualitative a été privilégiée via des entretiens auprès d'élus communautaires, de techniciens en charge du dossier TIC et de responsables administratifs intercommunaux (DGA, DGS). Plusieurs enseignements en ressortent. La convocation, de plus en plus fréquente, de cet objet dans les affaires communautaires éclaire d'un jour nouveau l'institutionnalisation et plus encore, la territorialisation de cet échelon. Tandis que la culture, le sport, l'économie ou les affaires sociales (…) sont des domaines d'intervention « traditionnels » à l'échelle locale, le secteur des TIC, bien qu'en progression constante, reste encore confidentiel pour la plupart des acteurs publics et surtout très inégalement investi. Dès lors, l'engagement d'une commune sur ce dossier offre à l'élu des opportunités de leadership mais facilite aussi l'entrée d'entrepreneurs ou d'outsiders politiques sur la scène intercommunale. Le statut hybride et la volatilité des TIC les placent en situation d'interface entre trois grands enjeux : des gains politiques à retirer, des solidarités communautaires à créer et des apprentissages techniques à formaliser. C'est autour de ce triptyque que s'éprouve l'engagement numérique intercommunal qui se nourrit d'ambitions modérées et d'attentisme prudent, d'élans collectifs et de replis communaux. Au final, le dossier numérique révèle et alimente les dynamiques qui structurent la gouvernance intercommunale, les TIC étant à la fois génératrices de complexité (politique, technique et territoriale) et de créativité institutionnelle.