This open access book discusses the current role of smallholders in connection with food security and poverty reduction in developing countries. It addresses the opportunities they enjoy, and the constraints they face, by analysing the availability, access to and utilization of production factors. Due to the relevance of smallholder farms, enhancing their production capacities and economic and social resilience could produce positive impacts on food security and nutrition at a number of levels. In addition to the role of small farmers as food suppliers, the book considers their role as consumers and their level of nutrition security. It investigates the link between agriculture and nutrition in order to better understand how agriculture affects human health and dietary patterns. Given the importance of smallholdings, strategies to increase their productivity are essential to improving food and nutrition security, as well as food diversity.
This open access book discusses the current role of smallholders in connection with food security and poverty reduction in developing countries. It addresses the opportunities they enjoy, and the constraints they face, by analysing the availability, access to and utilization of production factors. Due to the relevance of smallholder farms, enhancing their production capacities and economic and social resilience could produce positive impacts on food security and nutrition at a number of levels. In addition to the role of small farmers as food suppliers, the book considers their role as consumers and their level of nutrition security. It investigates the link between agriculture and nutrition in order to better understand how agriculture affects human health and dietary patterns. Given the importance of smallholdings, strategies to increase their productivity are essential to improving food and nutrition security, as well as food diversity.
International audience ; This paper assesses the farm-level impacts of trade liberalisation and CAP removal across EU using IFM-CAP (Individual Farm Model for CAP Analysis). IFM-CAP is a static positive programming model developed to capture the full heterogeneity of EU farms in terms of feedback to policy representation and impacts. Simulation results show that a small set of farm-types experience an increase in income due to the improvement in prices and yields (e.g. farms spe-cialised in granivores, milk and horticulture), while farms that are most CAP subsidy dependent (e.g. specialist cattle, specialist COP and small farms) lose income by more than 12% at aggregate EU level. As much as 77% of all farms lose income if CAP is removed , while the proportion of most income vulnerable farms almost doubles. ; Cet article évalue les impacts au niveau de l'exploitation agricole de la libéralisation du commerce et de la suppression de la PAC à travers l'UE en utilisant IFM-CAP (modèle de ferme individuel pour l'analyse de la PAC). IFM-CAP est un modèle de programmation positive statique développé pour prendre en compte la pleine hétérogénéité des exploitations agricoles de l'UE en termes de représentation et d'impact des politiques. Les résultats de la simulation montrent qu'un petit ensemble d'exploitation agricole type enregistre une augmentation de revenu en raison de l'amélioration des prix et des rendements (par exemple, les exploitations spécialisées dans les granivores, le lait et l'horticulture), tandis que les exploitations qui dépendent le plus de la PAC (par exemple celles spécialisées en bovins et en COP et les petites exploitations) perdent plus de 12% des revenus au niveau agrégé de l'UE. Jusqu'à 77% de toutes les exploitations agricoles perdent des revenus si la PAC est supprimée, tandis que la proportion des exploitations agricoles les plus vulnérables double.
International audience ; This paper assesses the farm-level impacts of trade liberalisation and CAP removal across EU using IFM-CAP (Individual Farm Model for CAP Analysis). IFM-CAP is a static positive programming model developed to capture the full heterogeneity of EU farms in terms of feedback to policy representation and impacts. Simulation results show that a small set of farm-types experience an increase in income due to the improvement in prices and yields (e.g. farms spe-cialised in granivores, milk and horticulture), while farms that are most CAP subsidy dependent (e.g. specialist cattle, specialist COP and small farms) lose income by more than 12% at aggregate EU level. As much as 77% of all farms lose income if CAP is removed , while the proportion of most income vulnerable farms almost doubles. ; Cet article évalue les impacts au niveau de l'exploitation agricole de la libéralisation du commerce et de la suppression de la PAC à travers l'UE en utilisant IFM-CAP (modèle de ferme individuel pour l'analyse de la PAC). IFM-CAP est un modèle de programmation positive statique développé pour prendre en compte la pleine hétérogénéité des exploitations agricoles de l'UE en termes de représentation et d'impact des politiques. Les résultats de la simulation montrent qu'un petit ensemble d'exploitation agricole type enregistre une augmentation de revenu en raison de l'amélioration des prix et des rendements (par exemple, les exploitations spécialisées dans les granivores, le lait et l'horticulture), tandis que les exploitations qui dépendent le plus de la PAC (par exemple celles spécialisées en bovins et en COP et les petites exploitations) perdent plus de 12% des revenus au niveau agrégé de l'UE. Jusqu'à 77% de toutes les exploitations agricoles perdent des revenus si la PAC est supprimée, tandis que la proportion des exploitations agricoles les plus vulnérables double.
The government of Tanzania is willing to improve the socio-economic environment for the farming sector to encourage farmers to produce (and sell) more products from their activities. To that end, the central government is reforming the local tax system and particularly the agricultural produce cess, which is a turnover tax on marketed agricultural products charged by local government authorities (LGAs) at a maximum of 5% of the farm-gate price. Although it constitutes a significant source of revenue for many LGAs, this tax restricts an increase in production by farmers, and thus improvement of their livelihoods. In 2017, the government reduced the maximum cess rate from 5% to 3%. However, this reduction seems insufficient according to stakeholders, and several options to further reduce the rate are currently under discussion by the government. This report provides an ex ante impact assessment of the main reform options, using a microeconomic simulation model called FSSIM-Dev (Farming System Simulator for Developing Countries). Based on positive mathematical programming, this model was applied to a representative sample of 3,134 farm households spread throughout the country, taken from the World Bank LSMS–ISA surveys. Simulation results show that reduction of the cess rate leads to greater intensification and an increase in farm income, ranging between +2% and +21% depending on options and regions. The largest positive impacts are observed in the Northern and Western highlands. As expected, large farms and farms specialized in cash crops tend to gain more from the reduction in cess. At the individual farm household level, the impact is modest: 95% of the farms will experience an income increase of less than 10%. The impact on food security and rural poverty reduction is quite limited (improvement is less than 2%). Finally, the results show that a uniform cess rate of 1% for all crops seems to be the most efficient policy option. ; Ce rapport présente les résultats d'une analyse d'impact de plusieurs options de réforme de la taxe sur les produits agricoles en Tanzanie. Il s'agit d'une taxe sur le chiffre d'affaire des produits agricoles commercialisés perçue par les collectivités locales (LGA) fixée à un taux maximal de 5% du prix producteur. Bien qu'elle constitue une source de revenus importante pour de nombreuses LGA, cette taxe empêche l'augmentation de la production agricole, et donc l'amélioration des moyens de subsistance des exploitants. En 2017, le gouvernement a réduit le taux maximal de 5% à 3%. Cependant, cette réduction semble insuffisante selon les parties prenantes, et plusieurs options pour réduire davantage ce taux sont actuellement à l'étude par le gouvernement. Cette analyse est réalisée à l'aide d'un modèle microéconomique appliqué à un échantillon représentatif de 3134 ménages agricoles répartis sur l'ensemble du pays provenant des enquêtes LSMS-ISA de la Banque Mondiale. Les effets potentiels des options de réforme simulées sur l'utilisation des terres, la production, l'utilisation des intrants, le revenu agricole, les revenus des gouvernements locaux et certains indicateurs liés à la sécurité alimentaire sont présentés et discutés dans ce rapport.
The government of Tanzania is willing to improve the socio-economic environment for the farming sector to encourage farmers to produce (and sell) more products from their activities. To that end, the central government is reforming the local tax system and particularly the agricultural produce cess, which is a turnover tax on marketed agricultural products charged by local government authorities (LGAs) at a maximum of 5% of the farm-gate price. Although it constitutes a significant source of revenue for many LGAs, this tax restricts an increase in production by farmers, and thus improvement of their livelihoods. In 2017, the government reduced the maximum cess rate from 5% to 3%. However, this reduction seems insufficient according to stakeholders, and several options to further reduce the rate are currently under discussion by the government. This report provides an ex ante impact assessment of the main reform options, using a microeconomic simulation model called FSSIM-Dev (Farming System Simulator for Developing Countries). Based on positive mathematical programming, this model was applied to a representative sample of 3,134 farm households spread throughout the country, taken from the World Bank LSMS–ISA surveys. Simulation results show that reduction of the cess rate leads to greater intensification and an increase in farm income, ranging between +2% and +21% depending on options and regions. The largest positive impacts are observed in the Northern and Western highlands. As expected, large farms and farms specialized in cash crops tend to gain more from the reduction in cess. At the individual farm household level, the impact is modest: 95% of the farms will experience an income increase of less than 10%. The impact on food security and rural poverty reduction is quite limited (improvement is less than 2%). Finally, the results show that a uniform cess rate of 1% for all crops seems to be the most efficient policy option. ; Ce rapport présente les résultats d'une analyse d'impact de plusieurs options de ...
The government of Tanzania is willing to improve the socio-economic environment for the farming sector to encourage farmers to produce (and sell) more products from their activities. To that end, the central government is reforming the local tax system and particularly the agricultural produce cess, which is a turnover tax on marketed agricultural products charged by local government authorities (LGAs) at a maximum of 5% of the farm-gate price. Although it constitutes a significant source of revenue for many LGAs, this tax restricts an increase in production by farmers, and thus improvement of their livelihoods. In 2017, the government reduced the maximum cess rate from 5% to 3%. However, this reduction seems insufficient according to stakeholders, and several options to further reduce the rate are currently under discussion by the government. This report provides an ex ante impact assessment of the main reform options, using a microeconomic simulation model called FSSIM-Dev (Farming System Simulator for Developing Countries). Based on positive mathematical programming, this model was applied to a representative sample of 3,134 farm households spread throughout the country, taken from the World Bank LSMS–ISA surveys. Simulation results show that reduction of the cess rate leads to greater intensification and an increase in farm income, ranging between +2% and +21% depending on options and regions. The largest positive impacts are observed in the Northern and Western highlands. As expected, large farms and farms specialized in cash crops tend to gain more from the reduction in cess. At the individual farm household level, the impact is modest: 95% of the farms will experience an income increase of less than 10%. The impact on food security and rural poverty reduction is quite limited (improvement is less than 2%). Finally, the results show that a uniform cess rate of 1% for all crops seems to be the most efficient policy option. ; Ce rapport présente les résultats d'une analyse d'impact de plusieurs options de réforme de la taxe sur les produits agricoles en Tanzanie. Il s'agit d'une taxe sur le chiffre d'affaire des produits agricoles commercialisés perçue par les collectivités locales (LGA) fixée à un taux maximal de 5% du prix producteur. Bien qu'elle constitue une source de revenus importante pour de nombreuses LGA, cette taxe empêche l'augmentation de la production agricole, et donc l'amélioration des moyens de subsistance des exploitants. En 2017, le gouvernement a réduit le taux maximal de 5% à 3%. Cependant, cette réduction semble insuffisante selon les parties prenantes, et plusieurs options pour réduire davantage ce taux sont actuellement à l'étude par le gouvernement. Cette analyse est réalisée à l'aide d'un modèle microéconomique appliqué à un échantillon représentatif de 3134 ménages agricoles répartis sur l'ensemble du pays provenant des enquêtes LSMS-ISA de la Banque Mondiale. Les effets potentiels des options de réforme simulées sur l'utilisation des terres, la production, l'utilisation des intrants, le revenu agricole, les revenus des gouvernements locaux et certains indicateurs liés à la sécurité alimentaire sont présentés et discutés dans ce rapport.
International audience ; This paper assesses the farm-level impacts of trade liberalisation and CAP removal across EU using IFM-CAP (Individual Farm Model for CAP Analysis). IFM-CAP is a static positive programming model developed to capture the full heterogeneity of EU farms in terms of feedback to policy representation and impacts. Simulation results show that a small set of farm-types experience an increase in income due to the improvement in prices and yields (e.g. farms spe-cialised in granivores, milk and horticulture), while farms that are most CAP subsidy dependent (e.g. specialist cattle, specialist COP and small farms) lose income by more than 12% at aggregate EU level. As much as 77% of all farms lose income if CAP is removed , while the proportion of most income vulnerable farms almost doubles. ; Cet article évalue les impacts au niveau de l'exploitation agricole de la libéralisation du commerce et de la suppression de la PAC à travers l'UE en utilisant IFM-CAP (modèle de ferme individuel pour l'analyse de la PAC). IFM-CAP est un modèle de programmation positive statique développé pour prendre en compte la pleine hétérogénéité des exploitations agricoles de l'UE en termes de représentation et d'impact des politiques. Les résultats de la simulation montrent qu'un petit ensemble d'exploitation agricole type enregistre une augmentation de revenu en raison de l'amélioration des prix et des rendements (par exemple, les exploitations spécialisées dans les granivores, le lait et l'horticulture), tandis que les exploitations qui dépendent le plus de la PAC (par exemple celles spécialisées en bovins et en COP et les petites exploitations) perdent plus de 12% des revenus au niveau agrégé de l'UE. Jusqu'à 77% de toutes les exploitations agricoles perdent des revenus si la PAC est supprimée, tandis que la proportion des exploitations agricoles les plus vulnérables double.
The government of Tanzania is willing to improve the socio-economic environment for the farming sector to encourage farmers to produce (and sell) more products from their activities. To that end, the central government is reforming the local tax system and particularly the agricultural produce cess, which is a turnover tax on marketed agricultural products charged by local government authorities (LGAs) at a maximum of 5% of the farm-gate price. Although it constitutes a significant source of revenue for many LGAs, this tax restricts an increase in production by farmers, and thus improvement of their livelihoods. In 2017, the government reduced the maximum cess rate from 5% to 3%. However, this reduction seems insufficient according to stakeholders, and several options to further reduce the rate are currently under discussion by the government. This report provides an ex ante impact assessment of the main reform options, using a microeconomic simulation model called FSSIM-Dev (Farming System Simulator for Developing Countries). Based on positive mathematical programming, this model was applied to a representative sample of 3,134 farm households spread throughout the country, taken from the World Bank LSMS–ISA surveys. Simulation results show that reduction of the cess rate leads to greater intensification and an increase in farm income, ranging between +2% and +21% depending on options and regions. The largest positive impacts are observed in the Northern and Western highlands. As expected, large farms and farms specialized in cash crops tend to gain more from the reduction in cess. At the individual farm household level, the impact is modest: 95% of the farms will experience an income increase of less than 10%. The impact on food security and rural poverty reduction is quite limited (improvement is less than 2%). Finally, the results show that a uniform cess rate of 1% for all crops seems to be the most efficient policy option. ; Ce rapport présente les résultats d'une analyse d'impact de plusieurs options de ...
AbstractThis paper analyzes the microeconomic effects of the 2013 reform of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This is done using the EU‐wide individual farm model (IFM‐CAP). Simulation results show that although the reform succeeded to partially harmonize direct payments (DP) among farms and Member States, relatively strong differences in the distribution still remain in place. Around 62% of the farms increase their income, whereas the remaining 38% lose from the reform. The reform benefits small farms, while large farms lose out. As measured by the Gini coefficient, the 2013‐CAP reform only partially reduces the disparity in the distribution of DP and farm income among farms. The Gini decomposition shows that subsidies (in particular decoupled payments) contribute to a decrease in the inequality of total farm income. The future CAP reform needs to have a stronger overhaul of the DP system in order to achieve a substantial reduction in inequality in the distribution of payments among farms and regions in EU.
This paper analyzes the microeconomic effects of the 2013 reform of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This is done using the EU-wide individual farm model (IFM-CAP). Simulation results show that although the reform succeeded to partially harmonize direct payments (DP) among farms and Member States, relatively strong differences in the distribution still remain in place. Around 62% of the farms increase their income, whereas the remaining 38% lose from the reform. The reform benefits small farms, while large farms lose out. As measured by the Gini coefficient, the 2013-CAP reform only partially reduces the disparity in the distribution of DP and farm income among farms. The Gini decomposition shows that subsidies (in particular decoupled payments) contribute to a decrease in the inequality of total farm income. The future CAP reform needs to have a stronger overhaul of the DP system in order to achieve a substantial reduction in inequality in the distribution of payments among farms and regions in EU.
The main of this report is to analyse the investment decisions and the management strategies of dairy farms in the Reunion Island, and to simulate their responses to exogenous shocks such as agricultural policy reforms, market changes and technological innovation. A multidisciplinary approach is used, based on a dynamic linear programming model that integrates technical and socio-economic constraints, technology choice, public supports, opportunities and farmer's objectives. Applied to six dairy farm types, this modelling approach showed the extreme sensitiveness of most dairy farms in the Reunion Island to agricultural policies and especially to the CAP payments. These models are currently operational and used by the dairy cooperative leaders for decision making. ; L'objectif de ce rapport est d'analyser les décisions d'investissement et les stratégies de gestion des exploitations laitières à l'île de la Réunion, et de simuler leurs réponses aux chocs exogènes tels que les réformes de la politique agricole, les évolutions du marché et l'innovation technologique. Une approche multidisciplinaire est utilisée, basée sur un modèle de programmation linéaire dynamique qui intègre les contraintes techniques et socio-économiques, le choix technologique, les soutiens publics, les opportunités et les objectifs des agriculteurs. Appliquée à six types de fermes laitières, cette approche de modélisation a montré l'extrême sensibilité de la plupart des exploitations laitières de l'île de la Réunion aux politiques agricoles et notamment aux paiements de la PAC. Ces modèles sont actuellement opérationnels et utilisés par les dirigeants de la coopérative laitière comme outil d'aide à la décision.
The main of this report is to analyse the investment decisions and the management strategies of dairy farms in the Reunion Island, and to simulate their responses to exogenous shocks such as agricultural policy reforms, market changes and technological innovation. A multidisciplinary approach is used, based on a dynamic linear programming model that integrates technical and socio-economic constraints, technology choice, public supports, opportunities and farmer's objectives. Applied to six dairy farm types, this modelling approach showed the extreme sensitiveness of most dairy farms in the Reunion Island to agricultural policies and especially to the CAP payments. These models are currently operational and used by the dairy cooperative leaders for decision making. ; L'objectif de ce rapport est d'analyser les décisions d'investissement et les stratégies de gestion des exploitations laitières à l'île de la Réunion, et de simuler leurs réponses aux chocs exogènes tels que les réformes de la politique agricole, les évolutions du marché et l'innovation technologique. Une approche multidisciplinaire est utilisée, basée sur un modèle de programmation linéaire dynamique qui intègre les contraintes techniques et socio-économiques, le choix technologique, les soutiens publics, les opportunités et les objectifs des agriculteurs. Appliquée à six types de fermes laitières, cette approche de modélisation a montré l'extrême sensibilité de la plupart des exploitations laitières de l'île de la Réunion aux politiques agricoles et notamment aux paiements de la PAC. Ces modèles sont actuellement opérationnels et utilisés par les dirigeants de la coopérative laitière comme outil d'aide à la décision.
Dans quelles conditions une exploitation laitière peut être viable ? Quels sont les choix techniques qui peuvent être faits ? Comment accroître la productivité, assurer la viabilité et la compétitivité future des exploitations, tout en respectant l'environnement, face à des réformes probables du système d'aide et une évolution des prix ? Quel sont les degrés de flexibilité et les marges de manoeuvres des systèmes de production existants ? Autant de questions que se posent, aujourd'hui, les professionnels et les décideurs de l'élevage laitier à la Réunion. Pour apporter des éléments de réponse à ces interrogations, nous avons entrepris de mettre au point un outil d'aide à la conception et à la décision stratégique pour les acteurs de la filière. Cet outil qui fait appel à la programmation mathématique et à ses concepts de frontières de possibilité de production en milieu contraignant a pour but d'accompagner les agriculteurs, les conseillers et les décideurs dans leurs réflexions sur la conduite future des exploitations agricoles dans un environnement incertain. Appliqué à 6 exploitations types, cet outil, de type multipériodique récursif, nous a permis d'identifier et d'expliquer les déterminants de l'équilibre des productions sur les exploitations, ainsi que de simuler l'évolution de cet équilibre suite à des scénarios de réforme des politiques agricoles et de changements techniques.
