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Drawing from the social constructivist approach to the study of science, technology and society, this article tries to examine the role of legal, economic, political and environmental factors in determining the course of the development of electricity in the Madras Presidency under British colonial rule. Apart from these factors, the impact of historical events such as the two World Wars on the trajectories of electrification is also analysed. The combination of circumstances that influenced the development of electricity in a colonised territory was quite peculiar in many ways and significantly shaped its ultimate character.

A bold redefinition of historical inquiry based on the "cropscape"—the people, creatures, technologies, ideas, and places that surround a crop Human efforts to move crops from one place to another have been a key driving force in history. Crops have been on the move for millennia, from wildlands into fields, from wetlands to dry zones, from one imperial colony to another. This book is a bold but approachable attempt to redefine historical inquiry based on the "cropscape": the assemblage of people, places, creatures, technologies, and other elements that form around a crop. The cropscape is a method of reconnecting the global with the local, the longue durée with microhistory, and people, plants, and places with abstract concepts such as tastes, ideas, skills, politics, and economic forces. Through investigating a range of contrasting cropscapes spanning millennia and the globe, the authors break open traditional historical structures of period, geography, and direction to glean insight into previously invisible actors and forces

Although addiction develops in a considerable number of regular cocaine users, molecular risk factors for cocaine dependence are still unknown. It was proposed that establishing drug use and memory formation might share molecular and anatomical pathways. Alpha-Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II (alpha CaMKII) is a key mediator of learning and memory also involved in drug-related plasticity. the autophosphorylation of aCaMKII was shown to accelerate learning. Thus, we investigated the role of aCaMKII autophosphorylation in the time course of establishing cocaine use-related behavior in mice. We found that alpha CaMKII autophosphorylation-deficient alpha CaMKIIT286A mice show delayed establishment of conditioned place preference, but no changes in acute behavioral activation, sensitization or conditioned hyperlocomotion to cocaine (20 mg kg(-1), intraperitoneal). in vivo microdialysis revealed that alpha CaMKIIT286A mice have blunted dopamine (DA) and blocked serotonin (5-HT) responses in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and prefrontal cortex after acute cocaine administration (20 mg kg(-1), intraperitoneal), whereas noradrenaline responses were preserved. Under cocaine, the attenuated DA and 5-HT activation in alpha CaMKIIT286A mice was followed by impaired c-Fos activation in the NAcc. To translate the rodent findings to human conditions, several CAMK2A gene polymorphisms were tested regarding their risk for a fast establishment of cocaine dependence in two independent samples of regular cocaine users from Brazil (n = 688) and Switzerland (n = 141). A meta-analysis across both samples confirmed that CAMK2A rs3776823 TT-allele carriers display a faster transition to severe cocaine use than C-allele carriers. Together, these data suggest that alpha CaMKII controls the speed for the establishment of cocaine's reinforcing effects. ; Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London ; Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg ; Medical Research Council, UK ; European Union ; FP7 project IMAGEMEND (IMAging GEnetics for MENtal Disorders) ; Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EU-AIMS ; Medical Research Council ; Swedish funding agency FORMAS ; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Olga Mayenfisch Foundation ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, MRC, London, England ; Univ Nottingham, Sch Med, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Nottingham, England ; Univ Zurich, Hosp Psychiat, Dept Psychiat Psychotherapy & Psychosomat, Zurich, Switzerland ; Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, Ctr Cellular Basis Behav, London, England ; Univ Clin Erlangen, Dept Child & Adolescent Mental Hlth, Erlangen, Germany ; Islamic Azad Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran ; Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Translat Res Lab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ; Univ São Paulo, Sch Med, Dept & Inst Psychiat, São Paulo, Brazil ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIAD, São Paulo, Brazil ; Univ Bonn, Dept Psychiat, Bonn, Germany ; Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Univ Hosp, Dept Psychiat & Psychotherapy, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIAD, São Paulo, Brazil ; European Union: LSHM-CT-2007-037286 ; Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EU-AIMS: 115300-2 ; Medical Research Council: 93558 ; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF): 01EV0711 ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF): PP00P1-123516/1 ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF): PP00P1-146326/1 ; Web of Science