In the past decade, cyber security issues have led to multiple conflicts between China and the United States, resulting in significant risks and threats to the cooperation of the two countries in cyberspace. Despite early successes and failures, cyber-crisis management is still in its infancy. Challenges, such as the misreading of cyberspace strategic intentions and the ideologization of technology competition, are very real. In the future, the two sides need to work together to seek consensus on the basic principles of crisis management, emphasize the important role of academic exchanges, and take confidence-building measures to lay the foundation for cooperation in cyber-crisis management.
The Chinese authorities have formulated a vision for the global future that it terms 'ecological civilization' (shengtai wenming 生态文明). It was introduced into Communist Party ideology in 2007 and endorsed by Xi Jinping in 2013 as a major framework for the country's environmental policies. During the 2000s, the government set in motion many stricter environmental regulations and targets in line with this vision, including opening up some new room for bottom-up, volunteer-driven initiatives mostly on waste collection, recycling, education, and sustainable agriculture. At the same time, it calls for more participation of women in environmental governance at grassroots levels. Surveys in different parts of the world, including China, have suggested that women tend to be more concerned with environmental issues than men, but we have few qualitative studies in China of this topic. This article details three case studies in which women have initiated environmental projects in their local communities. They have mobilized other women (and some men) to engage in collective action, and they have generated financial and symbolic resources for their projects. We analyse these cases and argue that by raising the status of environmental issues such as waste collection and recycling, previously often downplayed as "women's affairs", China's environmental turn has helped expand the space available for female subjectivities and participation in public activities. However, this expanding role has not translated into better representation or participation of women at higher levels of political authority beyond the village level, and the emerging female environmental subjectivities remain firmly based in existing political hierarchies and male-dominated structures.
chapter Introduction -- chapter 1 Understanding popular culture in China -- chapter 2 Cultural policy and cultural market in China -- chapter 3 Methodology and research method -- chapter 4 Japanese and Korean popular culture in China: The dissemination, reception and formation of fandom (before 2011) -- chapter 5 Offline activities: Individual fans, fragmented groups and consumer interests -- chapter 6 Patriotic education and alternative historical narratives -- chapter 7 Gossip and tabloid news: Radicalised online anti-fan activities and self-patriotic education -- chapter 8 Conclusion: Party-state, fandom and nationalism.
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How can Japanese popular culture gain numerous fans in China, despite pervasive anti-Japanese sentiment? How is it that there's such a strong anti-Korean sentiment in Chinese online fan communities when the official Sino-Korean relationship is quite stable before 2016? Avid fans in China are raising hundreds of thousands of dollars in funding to make gifts to their idols in foreign countries. Tabloid reports on Japanese and Korean celebrities have been known to trigger nationalist protests in China. So, what is the relationship between Chinese fandom of Japanese and Korean popular culture and nationalist sentiment among Chinese youth. Chen discusses how Chinese fans of Japanese and Korean popular culture have formed their own nationalistic discourse since the 1990s. She argues that, as nationalism is constructed from various entangled ideologies, narratives, myths and collective memories, popular culture simply becomes another resource for the construction of nationalism. Fans thus actively select, interpret and reproduce the content of cultural products to suit their own ends. Unlike existing works, which focus on the content of transnational cultural flows in East Asia, this book focuses on the reception and interpretation of the Chinese audience.
I focused in this research on how and when female leaders' narcissism facilitates gender–leader identity integration. Drawing upon paradox theory, I examined whether or not female leaders' narcissism was positively related to identity integration, and if this positive relationship was strengthened by leader humility. I also applied a self-affirmation perspective to determine whether or not female leaders' narcissism facilitated identity integration by promoting positivity in leader identity. Finally, I applied paradox theory to examine whether or not female leaders' positivity in leader identity was positively related to identity integration, and, if it was, whether or not this positive effect was strengthened by positivity in gender identity. The proposed model was supported by data obtained from a sample of 248 Chinese female managers and their 534 immediate subordinates. I discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these results in the context of narcissism, humility, identity integration, and female leadership.
I tested a model of motivation to lead in relation to two types of leader traits (narcissism and humility). I proposed that leader traits would influence individuals' motivation to lead through the self-concept construction processes of leadership self-efficacy and positivity in leader identity. Using a 3-wave time-lagged sample comprising 280 managers, I found that (a) both narcissism and humility had significant and positive influences on the affective-identity and social–normative components of motivation to lead; and (b) these relationships were mediated by leadership self-efficacy and positivity in leader identity. I discuss the implications of these findings for research on leader traits, leadership development, and cross-cultural management.
Purpose The paper aims to reveal how the Chinese government has tried to regulate transnational cultural flows by applying cultural policies.
Design/methodology/approach The paper compares the dissemination of different foreign television programmes in China since the 1980s. The documents of cultural policy released since 1990s, news reports and the statistics of imported dramas since 2000s will be analyzed.
Findings The research finds that the Chinese government has treated cultural products from different countries in unequal ways. Political-diplomatic relationships and the need for ideological control, influence the making of cultural policy. Restricting the quota of imported dramas, censorship and propaganda are measures taken by the Chinese government to regulate transnational cultural flows.
Research limitations/implications The paper mainly focuses on platforms such as state-owned television stations and internet. The role of pay-cable channel in disseminating imported dramas should be taken into consideration in the future research.
Practical implications The paper provides a systematic understanding on the development of Chinese cultural policy.
Originality/value The paper offers an alternative approach to explore the policy-oriented dissemination of transnational cultural flows other than market-oriented dissemination.
Web 2.0 and social media enable people to create, share and discover information instantly anywhere, anytime. A great amount of this information is subjective information -- the information about people's subjective experiences, ranging from feelings of what is happening in our daily lives to opinions on a wide variety of topics. Subjective information is useful to individuals, businesses, and government agencies to support decision making in areas such as product purchase, marketing strategy, and policy making. However, much useful subjective information is buried in ever-growing user generated data on social media platforms, it is still difficult to extract high quality subjective information and make full use of it with current technologies. Current subjectivity and sentiment analysis research has largely focused on classifying the text polarity -- whether the expressed opinion regarding a specific topic in a given text is positive, negative, or neutral. This narrow definition does not take into account the other types of subjective information such as emotion, intent, and preference, which may prevent their exploitation from reaching their full potential. This dissertation extends the definition and introduces a unified framework for mining and analyzing diverse types of subjective information. We have identified four components of a subjective experience: an individual who holds it, a target that elicits it (e.g., a movie, or an event), a set of expressions that describe it (e.g., "excellent", "exciting"), and a classification or assessment that characterize it (e.g., positive vs. negative). Accordingly, this dissertation makes contributions in developing novel and general techniques for the tasks of identifying and extracting these components. We first explore the task of extracting sentiment expressions from social media posts. We propose an optimization-based approach that extracts a diverse set of sentiment-bearing expressions, including formal and slang words/phrases, for a given target from an unlabeled corpus. Instead of associating the overall sentiment with a given text, this method assesses the more fine-grained target-dependent polarity of each sentiment expression. Unlike pattern-based approaches which often fail to capture the diversity of sentiment expressions due to the informal nature of language usage and writing style in social media posts, the proposed approach is capable of identifying sentiment phrases of different lengths and slang expressions including abbreviations and spelling variations. Unlike supervised approaches which require data annotation when applied to a new domain, the proposed approach is unsupervised and thus is highly portable to new domains. We then look into the task of finding opinion targets in product reviews, where the product features (product attributes and components) are usually the targets of opinions. We propose a clustering approach that identifies product features and groups them into aspect categories. Unlike many existing approaches that first extract features and then group them into categories, the proposed approach identifies features and clusters them into aspects simultaneously. In addition, prior work on feature extraction tends to require seed terms and focuses on identifying explicit features, while the proposed approach extracts both explicit and implicit features and does not require seed terms. Finally, we study the classification and assessment of several types of subjective information (e.g., sentiment, political preference, subjective well-being) in two specific application scenarios. One application is to predict election results based on analyzing the sentiments of social media users towards election candidates. Observing that different political preference and tweeting behavior of users may have significant effect on predicting election results. We pr.
Coffee quality tends to be defined from various dimensions to meet the demand of buyers. It goes beyond the physical and cupping qualities, with moral value and environmental concern becoming crucial features of the definition. The successful development of Fairtrade coffee demonstrates the changes in consumers' preferences, while farmers have to establish relevant coopera¬tives to enter the Fairtrade movement. To facilitate the establish¬ment and to improve the management efficiency, Fairtrade farmers' cooperatives need to mobilise different resources at the local level. Social capital is an important asset to facilitate the cooperation and related collective profit. A comprehensive utilisation of social capital can enhance the management and performance capacities of Fairtrade farmers' cooperatives. In this research, social capital is assumed to be rich in 'homogenous groups', which are usually small, cohesive and isolated groups. It represents a deeply felt identity with concerted action, while participatory negotiation and democratic decision-making can be performed in the federated system. The classification, identification and description of the 'homogeneous groups', the federated system and relevant representatives can provide constructive implications for the establishment and management of farmers' cooperatives. Moreover, the possible external support is analysed to benefit the certification process at the local level. The results of the study show that the organisational integration between farmers' cooperatives and basic institutional authorities can facilitate access to local social capital and contribute to the promotion of Fairtrade certification in South-western China. With the external support, Fairtrade certification can improve the technical capacity and self-governance consciousness of farmers' cooperatives to some extent. The meaning of Fairtrade is not just present in the business itself, but is also embodied in the competence improvement and network extension of farmers' cooperatives during the application and performance process of the certification. Finally, the establishment and management of relevant farmers' cooperatives would benefit greatly when the access to social capital and the control of coffee quality can be considered from the aspect of the whole value chain, especially based on the opinion of the consumers and the marketing strategy of Fairtrade certified products. Social capital is an important asset to facilitate the cooperation and related collective profit. A comprehensive utilisation of social capital can enhance the management and performance capacities of Fairtrade farmers' cooperatives. In this research, social capital is assumed to be rich in 'homogenous groups', which are usually small, cohesive and isolated groups. It represents a deeply felt identity with concerted action, while participatory negotiation and democratic decision-making can be performed in the federated system. The classification, identification and description of the 'homogeneous groups', the federated system and relevant representatives can provide constructive implications for the establishment and management of farmers' cooperatives. Moreover, the possible external support is analysed to benefit the certification process at the local level. The results of the study show that the organisational integration between farmers' cooperatives and basic institutional authorities can facilitate access to local social capital and contribute to the promotion of Fairtrade certification in South-western China. With the external support, Fairtrade certification can improve the technical capacity and self-governance consciousness of farmers' cooperatives to some extent. The meaning of Fairtrade is not just present in the business itself, but is also embodied in the competence improvement and network extension of farmers' cooperatives during the application and performance process of the certification. Finally, the establishment and management of relevant farmers' cooperatives would benefit greatly when the access to social capital and the control of coffee quality can be considered from the aspect of the whole value chain, especially based on the opinion of the consumers and the marketing strategy of Fairtrade certified products.
AbstractBased on longitudinal data from four waves (2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we examined savings and savings changes among older couples in China using hierarchical linear models, explored any cohort differences, and analyzed the effects of the accessibility of the employee pension and the number of children on parents' savings. The results indicate that the savings of older couples continued to increase in old age, but the growth slowed down with age. For the cohort born before 1940, savings declined in later years. The cohorts born after 1940 had higher savings, but their savings grew less in later years. Older adults with access to the employee pension saved more and faster. Older adults with more than two children had lower savings, while those from younger cohorts were less impacted.
