Suchergebnisse

The context in which Chinese firms and, as a nation, China is attempting to catch-up is fundamentally different that that facing earlier latecomers such as Japan and Korea. This paper contrasts these contexts and describes an alternative model of catch-up that can be discerned through an examination of the industries in which Chinese firms are competing successfully. The basic elements of Chinese catching up strategy are: market size, market-oriented innovation, global alliance and open innovation, spillover of FDI and role of government. The core capability of Chinese company is an integration capability of market knowledge, outsourcing and learning. The paper explained the new model of catch-up in ICT industry in China.

Twenty-seven international scholars and business leaders analyse the challenges facing business ethics in China: the role of different ethical traditions, the creation of ethical corporate cultures, corruption and the lack of confidence, consumption patterns and income distribution, globalization, WTO and information technology, to name a few.

© 2019 by the authors. With China's commitment to peak its emissions by 2030, sectoral emissions are under the spotlight due to the rolling out of the national emission trading scheme (ETS). However, the current sector policies focus either on the production side or consumption while the majority of sectors along the transmission were overlooked. This research combines input-output modelling and network analysis to track the embodied carbon emissions among thirty sectors of thirty provinces in China. Based on the large-data resolution network, a two-step network reduction algorithm is used to extract the backbone of the network. In addition, network centrality metrics and community detection algorithms are used to assess each individual sector's roles, and to reveal the carbon communities where sectors have intensive emission links. The research results suggest that the sectors with high out-degree, in-degree or betweenness can act as leverage points for carbon emissions mitigation. In addition to the electricity sector, which is included in the national ETS, the study also found that the metallurgy and construction sectors should be prioritized for emissions reduction from national and local levels. However, the hotpots are different across provinces and thus provincial specific targeted policies should be formed. Moreover, there are nineteen carbon communities in China with different features, which provides direction for provincial governments' external collaboration for synergistic effects.

Compliance checking for clinical pathways (CPs) is getting increasing attention in health-care organizations due to stricter requirements for cost control and treatment excellence. Many compliance measures have been proposed for treatment behavior inspection in CPs. However, most of them look at aggregated data seen from an external perspective, e.g. length of stay, cost, infection rate, etc., which may provide only a posterior impression of the overall conformance with the established CPs such that in-depth and in near real time checking on the compliance of the essential/critical treatment behaviors of CPs is limited. To provide clinicians real time insights into violations of the established CP specification and support online compliance checking, this article presents a semantic rule-based CP compliance checking system. In detail, we construct a CP ontology (CPO) model to provide a formal grounding of CP compliance checking. Using the proposed CPO, domain treatment constraints are modeled into Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) rules to specify the underlying treatment behaviors and their quantified temporal structure in a CP. The established SWRL rules are integrated with the CP workflow such that a series of applicable compliance checking and evaluation can be reminded and recommended during the pathway execution. The proposed approach can, therefore, provides a comprehensive compliance checking service as a paralleling activity to the patient treatment journey of a CP rather than an afterthought. The proposed approach is illustrated with a case study on the unstable angina clinical pathway implemented in the Cardiology Department of a Chinese hospital. The results demonstrate that the approach, as a feasible solution to provide near real time conformance checking of CPs, not only enables clinicians to uncover non-compliant treatment behaviors, but also empowers clinicians with the capability to make informed decisions when dealing with treatment compliance violations in the pathway execution.

Chang'an (now Xi'an) was the capital of the Western Han Dynasty and the starting point of the Silk Road. In the light of the importance of Chang'an as the centre of politics, economy and cultural interaction, the overarching question proposed in this paper is focused on its role in the mirror production and distribution network during Han period. On the basis of chemical and lead isotopic analyses of 34 Han mirrors, this paper discusses the potential existence of a mirror production centre in Chang'an. Meanwhile, a comparative study with mirrors uncovered from the south‐western frontier and from Central Asian and North‐East Asian countries offers new insight into these related issues.

Internal combustion engine research predominantly focuses on routes to lower emissions to meet various emission legislation. Lower emissions can be achieved with increased fuel efficiency and less lubricant throw off/lubricant combustion in the piston ring zone. These are all dependent on the oil film that forms between the liner and piston components. This article details the use of ultrasonic sensors to study the lubricant film thickness between the engine liner and piston rings/skirt in a fired diesel two-cylinder YTR engine. The testing regime covered a series of engine speeds and loading levels and found the minimum oil film thickness to vary from 1 to 3.5 μm. Spectrograms (time-varying ultrasonic amplitude spectra) have shown a residual oil film on the liner, first present after the skirt moves above the sensor that peaks at 440 μm, which then dissipates until the next oil control ring passage. Start-up and shut-down captures have visualised the build-up and reduction of the film thickness, in which during start-up typically a 2-s interval between the first ring passage and a consistent film thickness was seen. Whilst the shut-down tests showed a lesser variation, anticipated to be due to the oil pump already operating and is, therefore, less subjective to a reduction in engine speed providing a threshold of oil remains on the liner. Measurements like this help to describe how lubrication occurs in the piston ring zone and hence can optimise component design and an oil injection schedule.

China is a multicultural country that has arisen from its 56 ethnicities, with a diverse population of over 1.3 billion people and an imbalanced economic development. The health care system in China is tending to be overall funded through urban and rural health insurance plans. Although China has invested in the basic research of genome science, public health genomics-related programs and services in China started late. Prenatal screening is offered as part of routine clinical prenatal services and is free of charge in some economically advanced cities. Newborn screening programs are mandated throughout the country but vary between provinces and territories in terms of organization and diseases screened for; most screening tests are paid by out-of-pocket expenses. Genetic tests are encouraged while there are only one accredited state laboratory and few territorial laboratories in China. Further national genomics policies are needed in China in a range of genetic issues and infrastructure of public health genomics. Careful measurement is essential to understanding the nature and scale of the task ahead.