Suchergebnisse

La constante amélioration quantitative (kcal/personne/jour) des niveaux de disponibilité alimentaire, observée au Brésil depuis les années 1970, s'accompagne d'une dégradation qualitative de l'équilibre nutritionnel. Celle-ci est liée à une éviction progressive de certains produits alimentaires de base (céréales, légumineuses et tubercules) par des produits nouveaux riches en sucres et en matières grasses végétales et fortement liés au secteur d'exportation. Face à ces transformations récentes, le retour à une approche analytique dualiste nous paraît pertinent, puisqu'elle permet de caractériser la dynamique agricole sous-jacente à ce processus de transition alimentaire.

AbstractIn-transit cold treatment consists of exposing food commodities – generally fresh agricultural products – to temperatures approaching 0 °C for a variable number of days during shipping in purpose-equipped containers in order to manage the risks of quarantine contamination. In this paper, we show that in-transit cold treatment is frequently required in the international trade of apples potentially affected by Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis Capitata), despite the existence of potentially less costly and equally effective alternative means of applying the same treatment, in particular 'cold storage'. We then try to understand why these alternative methods do not emerge spontaneously or become more widespread. We suggest that technical aspects and their respective costs are not always the most important factors. Transaction costs may also come into play. In accordance with 'institutional path dependence' literature, we suggest that the negotiation costs a country has to bear in order to encourage its trading partners to adopt an alternative treatment are high enough for it to be preferable to continue using the current solution, despite its higher adoption cost.

International audience ; In-transit cold treatment consists of exposing food commodities – generally fresh agricultural products – to temperatures approaching 0 °C for a variable number of days during shipping in purpose-equipped containers in order to manage the risks of quarantine contamination. In this paper, we show that in-transit cold treatment is frequently required in the international trade of apples potentially affected by Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis Capitata), despite the existence of potentially less costly and equally effective alternative means of applying the same treatment, in particular 'cold storage'. We then try to understand why these alternative methods do not emerge spontaneously or become more widespread. We suggest that technical aspects and their respective costs are not always the most important factors. Transaction costs may also come into play. In accordance with 'institutional path dependence' literature, we suggest that the negotiation costs a country has to bear in order to encourage its trading partners to adopt an alternative treatment are high enough for it to be preferable to continue using the current solution, despite its higher adoption cost.

International audience ; In-transit cold treatment consists of exposing food commodities – generally fresh agricultural products – to temperatures approaching 0 °C for a variable number of days during shipping in purpose-equipped containers in order to manage the risks of quarantine contamination. In this paper, we show that in-transit cold treatment is frequently required in the international trade of apples potentially affected by Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis Capitata), despite the existence of potentially less costly and equally effective alternative means of applying the same treatment, in particular 'cold storage'. We then try to understand why these alternative methods do not emerge spontaneously or become more widespread. We suggest that technical aspects and their respective costs are not always the most important factors. Transaction costs may also come into play. In accordance with 'institutional path dependence' literature, we suggest that the negotiation costs a country has to bear in order to encourage its trading partners to adopt an alternative treatment are high enough for it to be preferable to continue using the current solution, despite its higher adoption cost.

International audience ; Nowadays, complying with technical, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) regulations and standards is becoming more and more demanding due to their proliferation and increasing complexity. Consequently, increasing requirements in plant health protection and food safety can lead to a loss of competitiveness in countries that are major exporters of fresh products, causing a redistribution of the market shares in certain sectors. Exporters complying with regulatory standards benefit from better market access and avoid boarder rejection or product downgrading but incur additional costs due to additional procedures and paperwork. This is the case for French apples producers which are losing competitiveness compared to the Chilean ones on foreign markets. This situation can be partially explained by the difficulties of French exporters to comply with international SPS requirements. The aim of this article is first to make a compilation of phytosanitary requirements facing French and Chilean exporters of fresh apples, then to propose a score (hereafter phytosanitary score) which allows to assess the degree of complexity of these SPS requirements. This score is interesting as it synthesizes qualitative information in a metric which can be easily used in quantitative analysis. The results show that even if France and Chile are rather close in terms of SPS requirements, Chilean apples exporters are more capable to comply with foreign SPS requisites than the French ones.

International audience ; Nowadays, complying with technical, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) regulations and standards is becoming more and more demanding due to their proliferation and increasing complexity. Consequently, increasing requirements in plant health protection and food safety can lead to a loss of competitiveness in countries that are major exporters of fresh products, causing a redistribution of the market shares in certain sectors. Exporters complying with regulatory standards benefit from better market access and avoid boarder rejection or product downgrading but incur additional costs due to additional procedures and paperwork. This is the case for French apples producers which are losing competitiveness compared to the Chilean ones on foreign markets. This situation can be partially explained by the difficulties of French exporters to comply with international SPS requirements. The aim of this article is first to make a compilation of phytosanitary requirements facing French and Chilean exporters of fresh apples, then to propose a score (hereafter phytosanitary score) which allows to assess the degree of complexity of these SPS requirements. This score is interesting as it synthesizes qualitative information in a metric which can be easily used in quantitative analysis. The results show that even if France and Chile are rather close in terms of SPS requirements, Chilean apples exporters are more capable to comply with foreign SPS requisites than the French ones.

document consultable au : http://economierurale.revues.org/index2881.html Cette version a corrigé des erreurs dans le tableau 4, et a ajusté les commentaires correspondant, mais sans changement du fond de l'article ; International audience ; In Brazil, soybean production has increased with an annual growth of 7.2% since 1996. The adoption of transgenic soybean, rendered tolerant to glyphosate herbicide, has contributed to this remarkable increase. After the presentation of soybean production in Brazil, this article introduces the results of a survey conducted to capture the use of transgenic soybean, during the 200708 campaign in Paraná, one of the main producing States. The survey indicates that producers may show no, partial or total adoption of glyphosate-tolerant varieties of transgenic soybean. The allocation of transgenic soybean to most weedy plots is one reason of the coexistence of transgenic and non-transgenic soybean within the same farm holding. The continuation of the observed coexistence depends particularly on the evolution of royalties on transgenic soybean, and on the measures to ensure the non-transgenic purity of conventional soybean seeds. ; Au Brésil, la production de soja a progressé avec une croissance annuelle de 7,2 % depuis 1996. La culture des variétés de soja transgéniques tolérantes à l'herbicide glyphosate a concouru à cette importante progression. Après avoir présenté le contexte de production du soja au Brésil, l'article présente les résultats d'une enquête sur l'utilisation du soja transgénique, se rapportant à la campagne 2007/2008 dans le Paraná, l'un des principaux États brésiliens producteurs de soja. Cette enquête indique que, selon les exploitations agricoles, l'adoption du soja transgénique peut être nulle, partielle ou totale. L'utilisation du soja transgénique en fonction de l'état d'infestation des parcelles par les mauvaises herbes est une raison de la production simultanée des deux types de soja dans une même exploitation. La poursuite de cette coexistence dépend notamment de l'évolution des royalties appliquées au soja transgénique et des dispositions prises pour assurer la pureté des semences de soja conventionnel.

document consultable au : http://economierurale.revues.org/index2881.html Cette version a corrigé des erreurs dans le tableau 4, et a ajusté les commentaires correspondant, mais sans changement du fond de l'article ; International audience ; In Brazil, soybean production has increased with an annual growth of 7.2% since 1996. The adoption of transgenic soybean, rendered tolerant to glyphosate herbicide, has contributed to this remarkable increase. After the presentation of soybean production in Brazil, this article introduces the results of a survey conducted to capture the use of transgenic soybean, during the 200708 campaign in Paraná, one of the main producing States. The survey indicates that producers may show no, partial or total adoption of glyphosate-tolerant varieties of transgenic soybean. The allocation of transgenic soybean to most weedy plots is one reason of the coexistence of transgenic and non-transgenic soybean within the same farm holding. The continuation of the observed coexistence depends particularly on the evolution of royalties on transgenic soybean, and on the measures to ensure the non-transgenic purity of conventional soybean seeds. ; Au Brésil, la production de soja a progressé avec une croissance annuelle de 7,2 % depuis 1996. La culture des variétés de soja transgéniques tolérantes à l'herbicide glyphosate a concouru à cette importante progression. Après avoir présenté le contexte de production du soja au Brésil, l'article présente les résultats d'une enquête sur l'utilisation du soja transgénique, se rapportant à la campagne 2007/2008 dans le Paraná, l'un des principaux États brésiliens producteurs de soja. Cette enquête indique que, selon les exploitations agricoles, l'adoption du soja transgénique peut être nulle, partielle ou totale. L'utilisation du soja transgénique en fonction de l'état d'infestation des parcelles par les mauvaises herbes est une raison de la production simultanée des deux types de soja dans une même exploitation. La poursuite de cette coexistence dépend notamment de l'évolution des royalties appliquées au soja transgénique et des dispositions prises pour assurer la pureté des semences de soja conventionnel.

Au Brésil, la production de soja a progressé avec une croissance annuelle de 7,2 % depuis 1996. La culture des variétés de soja transgénique tolérantes à l'herbicide glyphosate a concouru à cette importante progression. Après avoir présenté le contexte de production du soja au Brésil, l'article présente les résultats d'une enquête sur l'utilisation du soja transgénique, se rapportant à la campagne 2007-2008 dans le Paraná, l'un des principaux états brésiliens producteurs de soja. Cette enquête indique que, selon les exploitations agricoles, l'adoption du soja transgénique peut être nulle, partielle ou totale. L'utilisation du soja transgénique en fonction de l'état d'infestation des parcelles par les mauvaises herbes est une raison de la production simultanée des deux types de soja dans une même exploitation. La poursuite de cette coexistence dépend notamment de l'évolution des royalties appliquées au soja transgénique et des dispositions prises pour assurer la pureté des semences de soja conventionnel.

document consultable au : http://economierurale.revues.org/index2881.html Cette version a corrigé des erreurs dans le tableau 4, et a ajusté les commentaires correspondant, mais sans changement du fond de l'article ; International audience ; In Brazil, soybean production has increased with an annual growth of 7.2% since 1996. The adoption of transgenic soybean, rendered tolerant to glyphosate herbicide, has contributed to this remarkable increase. After the presentation of soybean production in Brazil, this article introduces the results of a survey conducted to capture the use of transgenic soybean, during the 200708 campaign in Paraná, one of the main producing States. The survey indicates that producers may show no, partial or total adoption of glyphosate-tolerant varieties of transgenic soybean. The allocation of transgenic soybean to most weedy plots is one reason of the coexistence of transgenic and non-transgenic soybean within the same farm holding. The continuation of the observed coexistence depends particularly on the evolution of royalties on transgenic soybean, and on the measures to ensure the non-transgenic purity of conventional soybean seeds. ; Au Brésil, la production de soja a progressé avec une croissance annuelle de 7,2 % depuis 1996. La culture des variétés de soja transgéniques tolérantes à l'herbicide glyphosate a concouru à cette importante progression. Après avoir présenté le contexte de production du soja au Brésil, l'article présente les résultats d'une enquête sur l'utilisation du soja transgénique, se rapportant à la campagne 2007/2008 dans le Paraná, l'un des principaux États brésiliens producteurs de soja. Cette enquête indique que, selon les exploitations agricoles, l'adoption du soja transgénique peut être nulle, partielle ou totale. L'utilisation du soja transgénique en fonction de l'état d'infestation des parcelles par les mauvaises herbes est une raison de la production simultanée des deux types de soja dans une même exploitation. La poursuite de cette coexistence dépend ...