Suchergebnisse

Front Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Figures and Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Part 1 Disease in the City -- 1. Country, Town and 'Planet' in Britain 1800-1950 -- 2. Death and Survival in the City: Approaches to the History of Disease -- 3. Evaluating the Sanitary Revolution: Typhus and Typhoid in London, 1851-1900 -- 4. The Final Catastrophe: Cholera in London, 1866 -- 5. The Metropolitan and the Municipal: The Politics of Health and Environment, 1860-1920 -- Part 2 Pollution and the Burdens of Urban-Industrialism -- 6. Pollution in the City

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Notes on Contributors -- General Editors' Preface -- 1 Resources of the City: Towards a European Urban Environmental History -- 2 A Metabolic Approach to the City: Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Paris -- 3 Urban Horses and Changing City-Hinterland Relationships in the United States -- 4 'Returning to Nature': Vacation and Life Style in the Montréal Region -- 5 Citizens in Pursuit of Nature: Gardens, Allotments and Private Space in European Cities, 1850-2000 -- 6 Sustainable Naples: The Disappearance of Nature as Resource -- 7 The Struggle for Urban Space: Nantes and Clermont-Ferrand, 1830-1930 -- 8 Sanitate Crescamus: Water Supply, Sewage Disposal and Environmental Values in a Victorian Suburb -- 9 Resource Management and Environmental Transformations. Water Incorporation at the Time of Industrialization: Milan, 1880-1940 -- 10 Constructing Urban Infrastructure for Multiple Resource Management: Sewerage Systems in the Industrialization of the Rhineland, Germany -- 11 Towards the Socialist Sanitary City: Urban Water Problems in East German New Towns, 1945-1970 -- 12 Experts and Water Quality in Paris in 1870 -- 13 Noise Abatement and the Search for Quiet Space in the Modern City -- 14 Environmental Justice, History and the City: The United States and Britain, 1970-2000 -- 15 'In Stadt und Land': Differences and Convergences between Urban and Local Environmentalism in West Germany, 1950-1980 -- 16 Path Dependence and Urban History: Is a Marriage Possible? -- Index.

This article traces the evolution of the idea of degeneration in urban Britain between the early nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Rejecting approaches that reduce this richly eclectic, though savagely negative, world-view to a random bundle of prejudices underpinning the emergence of the 'science' of eugenics, the article focuses on distinctive environmental, medical and anti-urban determinants. Strong emphasis is also placed on shifting interactions between moral and medico-environmental values and prescriptions which served as legitimation for the racially inflected view that residual elements of the inner city working class might soon be doomed to physiological and hereditary extinction.

In 'Shanghailanders: the formation and identity of the British settler community in Shanghai 1843–1937', Past and Present, 159 (1998), 161–211, Robert Bickers portrays the collective experiences and self-images of an idiosyncratic enclave of ex-patriates who preferred to be known as permanent residents rather than 'temporary sojourners in a foreign land'. Tracing longue durée relationships between the International Settlement and Shanghai Municipal Council, Bickers has unearthed highly pertinent demographic data. By 1935 the British community numbered approximately 10,000. Between approximately 1850 and 1900 half of the total comprised unmarried males, a figure that fell to 17 per cent by the mid-1930s. Drawing on Saidian conceptualizations of otherness, Bickers probes ethnic and sexual as well as political and cultural boundaries and stereotypes. He suggests that 'in lieu of the city-state denied them by the diplomats [Shanghailanders] . . . declaimed about their "republic", which they "imagined" – in Benedict Anderson's term – as meritocratic, egalitarian and democratic'. As communists and nationalists confronted one another in the final battle for the heart and soul of a deeply divided land, the ex-patriate community clung desperately to a collective cultural ethos. But, within three years of Mao Zedong's triumph in 1949, the British Chamber of Commerce had been forced to dissolve itself. By 1953 a number of Shanghailanders had been denied exit visas for more than three years and in 1957 the last British firm was forced to close its doors. A few isolated individuals – quasi-prisoners or converts to the Maoist cause – lived out a shadowy existence in China's greatest industrial and maritime city. Now the settler mentalité 'survived [only] . . . in the imagination'.