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Market access has been widely used as a measure of agglomeration spillovers in models that seek to explain productivity, economic or population growth at the city level. Most results have shown that having higher market access is beneficial to these outcomes. These results, both theoretical and empirical, have been obtained in a context of population growth. This article examines the impact that market access has on a system of cities that has suffered a negative population shock. An extended version of the Brezis and Krugman (1997) model of life cycle of cities predicts that a system of cities experiencing population loss will see a relative reorganization of its population from small to larger cities, and that higher market potential will make this movement stronger. We test these predictions with a comprehensive sample of cities in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. We find that having higher market access - when operating in an environment of population decline - is detrimental to city population growth. This result is robust to different measures of market access that use population. Alternative measures that use economic size rather population are tested, and the result weaker. A possible explanation is that using NLs restricts the sample to only using larger cities.

While the positive effect of market access (MA) on population and economic growth has shown to be robust, the results in the literature were obtained in a context of population growth. This article examines the impact that MA has on a system of cities that has suffered a negative population shock. An extended version of the Brezis and Krugman (1997) model of life cycle of cities predicts that a system of cities experiencing population loss will see a relative reorganization of its population from small to larger cities, increasing population concentration. Accordingly, cities with higher MA will lose relatively more. We confirm these predictions using multiple definitions of MA with a comprehensive sample of cities in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, a region with declining population growth since 1990.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo comprender los contextos explicativos de la violencia escolar en cuatro instituciones educativas de la región del Magdalena Medio colombiano. Por medio de una investigación cualitativa en la que se ha implementado un cuestionario y un grupo focal con estudiantes, profesores y acudientes, se hace un análisis de las características de la violencia escolar en las instituciones educativas, sus principales agentes y las diferencias detectadas en zonas urbanas y rurales. A partir de esto se ponen en consideración algunas reflexiones sobre los contextos que permiten explicar la violencia escolar y, además, entenderla como un asunto de salud pública. Se encuentra, por un lado, que el porcentaje de víctimas de violencia escolar es de casi un 25% en las cuatro instituciones y, por otra parte, que la atención generada resulta ser insuficiente por parte de profesores y otras figuras de autoridad. Desde el enfoque de los contextos explicativos se identifica que la violencia escolar en las cuatro instituciones se relaciona principalmente con el contexto político y cultural por las condiciones asociadas al conflicto armado en la región que derivan en prácticas naturalizadas de violencia; entre ello se reproducen dinámicas culturales particularmente machistas que afectan el modo en que se relacionan los diferentes actores que participaron de la investigación. ; This research aims to understand the explanatory contexts of school violence in four educational institutions in the Magdalena Medio region of Colombia. By means of a qualitative research in which a questionnaire and a focal group with students, teachers and participants have been implemented, an analysis of the characteristics of school violence in educational institutions is made, its main actors and the differences identified in urban and rural areas. Based on this, some reflections are put into consideration on the contexts that allow to explain school violence and, in addition, understand it as a matter of public health. On the one hand, the percentage of victims of school violence is almost 25 per cent in the four institutions and, on the other, the attention generated is insufficient on the part of teachers and other authority figures. From the perspective of explanatory contexts, it is identified that school violence in the four institutions is mainly related to the political and cultural context due to the conditions associated with the armed conflict in the region that led to naturalized practices of violence; Among these, particularly sexist cultural dynamics are reproduced that affect the way in which the different actors who participated in the research relate to each other. ; Magíster en Salud Pública ; http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co ; Maestría