Suchergebnisse

Background  This review describes procedures to reduce and eliminate physical restraint of people with intellectual disability. One approach is to assess antecedent conditions associated with restraint and change them so that they no longer produce restraint‐provoking behaviour. A second approach is to decrease the duration of restraint by establishing a fixed‐time release (FTR) criterion.Methods  Research supporting these approaches within community‐based service settings are presented.Results  Physical restraint can be effectively reduced and eliminated using antecedent intervention procedures and FTR contingencies.Conclusions  Future research on physical restraint reduction and elimination should be conducted among people with intellectual disability. Intervention should include explicit therapeutic goals and methods that are acceptable to service providers. Outcome evaluation should focus on long‐term follow‐up over months and years. Finally, organizations serving people who have intellectual disability should approach physical restraint reduction and elimination by dedicating sufficient resources and adopting evidence‐based practices.

The research described in this article evaluated the effectiveness of a behavioral training program for improving the prevocational work performance of three blind, severely retarded women. In two studies, in which the three women were trained separately, a program that combined response-contingent prompting and reinforcement procedures was successful in increasing the quantity of tasks that each woman completed. Data from one study also demonstrated that attentional behavior was enhanced following training and that improved performance could be sustained with low levels of prompts from the trainer.

The purpose of behavioral consultation is to train direct caregivers to assess, implement, and evaluate treatment programs to reduce maladaptive behavior. This article describes a behavioral consultation model developed in a residential treatment program for visually impaired children. The two case studies presented illlustrate the application of behavioral modification techniques. The article concludes with suggestions for overcoming the resistance of staff members to using behavior modification.