Suchergebnisse

ResumoEste trabalho aborda a formação docente no Ensino Superior e objetiva, através de pesquisa bibliográfica, abordar sobre a formação do professor universitário, seus principais aspectos e relevâncias, como a trajetória de formação, as concepções de docência, o conhecimento pedagógico e a legislação brasileira e a docência. O professor desempenha função primordial na formação de outros profissionais, sendo assim, sua própria formação reflete diretamente em seus alunos e, por conseguinte, no desenvolvimento e estruturação dos futuros profissionais. Na trajetória de formação do docente é necessário compreender as relações existentes e mútuas entre o domínio do saber (conhecimento científico) e do saber fazer (conhecimento prático), uma vez que o acúmulo de títulos e conhecimentos não compõe um professor universitário de excelência, a prática docente deve objetivar a formação de saberes, a capacitação, o desenvolvimento de habilidades e competência dos alunos, e por fim, a formação de profissionais. Construída ao longo da carreira profissional, a formação do professor universitário vai além dos programas de graduação e pós-graduação convencionais, extrapolando-se para um contexto de aprendizagem que envolve conhecimentos teóricos e práticos obtidos na vivência diária dentro da Instituição de Ensino, englobando os alunos, demais professores e a sociedade como um todo.
Palavras-chave: Docência. Educação Superior. Professor Universitário.
AbstractThis work deals with teacher education in higher education and aims, through bibliographic research, to address the formation of the university professor, its main aspects and relevance, such as the formation trajectory, teaching conceptions, pedagogical knowledge and Brazilian legislation and teaching. The teacher plays a fundamental role in the training of other professionals, and thus, their own formation reflects directly on their students, and therefore on the development and structuring of future professionals. In the teacher education trajectory, it is necessary to understand the existing and mutual relations between the knowledge domain (scientific knowledge) and know-how (practical knowledge), since the titles and knowledge accumulation does not make up a university professor of excellence, teaching practice should aim at the knowledge formation, training, students' skills and competence development, and, finally, the professionals fromation. Built throughout the professional career, the university professor training goes beyond conventional graduate and postgraduate programs, extrapolating to a learning context that involves theoretical and practical knowledge obtained in daily experience within the educational institution, encompassing the students, other teachers and the society.
Keywords: Teaching. College education. College professor.

O estresse calórico em bovinos de leite pode comprometer diversas funções fisiológicas, incluindo produção de leite, reprodução e função imunológica. Os objetivos deste estudo foram correlacionar a temperatura da superfície corporal (TSC) e a temperatura retal (TR) de vacas leiteiras usando um termômetro digital a laser infravermelho, bem como determinar a emissividade ideal. Dez vacas leiteiras foram mantidas em área coberta por três dias consecutivos. As medidas de TSC e TR foram realizadas às 8h, 13h e 16h, todos os dias. As leituras térmicas foram feitas em quatro localizações anatômicas distintas: face, caixa torácica, garupa e glândula mamária nas emissividades de 0,95 e 0,50. As temperaturas e localizações anatômicas das medidas térmicas foram avaliadas por ANOVA e as médias foram comparadas usando o Teste Tukey a 5%. Emissividade em 0,50 não estabeleceu correlação significativa (P>0,05) entre TSC e TR, enquanto uma correlação significativa (P<0,05) foi obtida na emissividade 0,95. Portanto, a emissividade de 0,95 foi utilizada para avaliar as variáveis. Foi estabelecida a seguinte equação: RT = 0,143 x BST + 33,534, que se mostrou significativa com coeficiente de determinação de 82%. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a utilização de termômetro digital a laser infravermelho com emissividade de 0,95 direcionada para a região média da caixa torácica pode ser eficiente para estimar a temperatura retal de vacas leiteiras.

Palavras-chave: Bem-Estar Animal. Emissividade. Estresse Calórico. Termorregulação.

Abstract
Heat stress in dairy cattle can jeopardize several physiological functions, including milk production, reproduction and immune function. The objectives of this study were to correlate body surface temperature (BST) and rectal temperature (RT) of dairy cows by using an infrared digital laser thermometer as well as to determine the ideal emissivity. Ten dairy cows were maintained under a covered area for three consecutive days. BST and RT measurements were taken at 8 am, 01 pm and 04 pm every day. Thermal readings were carried out at four distinct anatomic locations: the face, ribcage, rump, and mammary gland at 0.95 and 0.50 emissivity. The temperatures and anatomic locations of thermal measurements were evaluated by ANOVA and the means were compared using the Tukey Test at 5%. Emissivity at 0.50 did not establish a significant (P>0.05) correlation between BST and RT, while a significant correlation (P<0.05) was obtained at 0.95 emissivity. Therefore, emissivity at 0.95 was used to assess the variables. The following equation was established: RT = 0.143 x BST + 33.534, which was found to be significant with a determination coefficient of 82%. The results of this study suggest that the utilization of infrared digital laser thermometer with emissivity of 0.95 directed at the middle region of the ribcage can be efficient to estimate the rectal temperature of dairy cows.

Keywords: Animal Well-Fare. Emissivity. Heat Stress. Thermoregulation.

O norovírus é reconhecido como agente etiológico de importância para a gastroenterite aguda não bacteriana em todo o mundo. No entanto, a significância deste patógeno em cães domésticos não é bem compreendida. Estudos sugerem que os cães podem desempenhar papel na transmissão do norovírus humano, e que os humanos apresentam anticorpos contra o norovírus canino. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma investigação preliminar quanto à presença do RNA do norovírus em fezes diarreicas de cães atendidos em hospital veterinário de Cuiabá, por meio da técnica de transcrição reversa seguida de reação em cadeia pela polimerase (RT-PCR). Para tal, 30 amostras fecais de filhotes com gastroenterite aguda, pertencentes a ambos os sexos e raças variadas, foram avaliadas para a presença do norovírus pela RT-PCR e para o parvovírus canino-2 através de teste imunocromatográfico. Neste estudo, a excreção do norovírus pelas fezes diarreicas dos cães avaliados não foi detectada, não sendo observada a amplificação de fragmento genômico parcial correspondente à região que codifica a RNA polimerase viral. Além disso, 76% (23/30) dos animais testados foram diagnosticados para a infecção pelo parvovírus canino-2 através de teste imunocromatográfico para detecção do antígeno viral. Na América do Sul e no Brasil, estudos abrangendo o norovírus canino são escassos. Apesar das gastroenterites agudas em cães filhotes serem frequentes, o norovírus parece não ser o principal agente viral envolvido no município do estudo. Contudo, a realização de investigações de epidemiologia molecular mais abrangentes será essencial para verificar a sua prevalência em populações caninas, assim como para elucidar a significância desta infecção viral em quadros de gastroenterite em cães.
Palavras-chave: Diarreia. Calicivírus. PCR.
Abstract
Norovirus is recognized as an important etiological agent for acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. However, the significance of this pathogen in domestic dogs is not well understood. Studies suggest that dogs may play a role in transmitting norovirus to humans, and that humans have antibodies against canine norovirus. The aim of this study was to carry out a preliminary investigation regarding the presence of norovirus RNA in diarrheal feces of dogs attended at a Veterinary Hospital in Cuiabá municipality, using a reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. For this purpose, 30 fecal samples from puppies with acute gastroenteritis, belonging to both sexes and several breeds, were evaluated for the presence of norovirus by RT-PCR and for canine parvovirus-2 by immunochromatographic test. In this study, the excretion of the norovirus by the diarrheal feces of the evaluated dogs was not detected, not being observed the amplification of the partial genomic fragment corresponding to the region that encodes the viral RNA polymerase. In addition, 76% (23/30) of the tested dogs were diagnosed with canine parvovirus-2 infection through an immunochromatographic test for viral antigen detection. In South America and Brazil, studies investigating canine norovirus are scarce. Although acute gastroenteritis are frequent in puppies, it seems that norovirus is not the major viral agent involved in cases from the municipality studied. Accordingly, the conduction of further epidemiological and molecular investigations will be essential to verify its prevalence in canine populations, as well as to elucidate the significance of this viral infection in cases of gastroenteritis in dogs.
Keywords: Diarrhea. Calicivirus. PCR.

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious and non-contagious disease caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) belonging to the genus Orbivirus. It is transmitted by a hematophagous vector, Culicoides sp., to ruminants, particularly to sheep, which are most susceptible to this disease. The main serological tests are agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), which is recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA), which has the advantage of no cross-reaction with other orbiviruses. The aim was to compare the results of these two tests by conducting them on sera collected from sheep in the state of Paraná, Brazil. From March to October 2017, serum samples were collected from 270 sheep from 10 farms in six mesoregions of Paraná. The samples were subjected to AGID and cELISA to detect antibodies against BTV. Based on the test results, we classified the sheep as low, moderate, and high occurrence. The results demonstrated that 64.81% (175/270) of the sheep were seropositive through the cELISA test, showing a high occurrence, and 41.11% (111/270) were seropositive through the AGID test, indicating a moderate occurrence. The concordance between the tests was moderate (0.51) as determined by the Kappa coefficient. Among the studied farms, 90% (9/10) presented at least one seropositive sheep, and the number of animals tested positive by the cELISA test was higher than those by the AGID test. Favorable climate, which favors the presence and multiplication of the culicoid vector and the occurrence of infection, was the biggest predominant factor responsible for the obtained results. The low occurrence in farms with milder climate suggest that the presence of antibodies also occurs due to the low pathogenicity of circulating serotypes in the different mesoregions studied. It is concluded that BTV infection is present in the sheep herds in Paraná, and the occurrence was moderate detected by AGID test and high detected by cELISA test.

Na ovinocultura há a necessidade de se adaptar às novas tecnologias para obtenção de produtos com qualidade cada vez melhor. Os probióticos são suplementos alimentares contendo micro-organismos ruminais e intestinais viáveis que, em quantidade adequada, produzem efeitos benéficos na saúde dos pequenos ruminantes. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho e parâmetro ruminal, através do uso de probiótico, em borregas mestiças Dorper suplementadas a pasto. Foram utilizadas 57 borregas mestiças Dorper, com idade entre 6 a 12 meses, sendo separadas em dois grupos: GC (grupo controle), com 28 animais, e GT (grupo tratado), com 29 borregas. Todos permaneceram em dois piquetes contendo capim-estrela e capim Aruana, sendo que houve revezamento semanalmente entre os grupos para cada pastagem. Uma vez ao dia, os dois grupos receberam concentrado energético-proteico equivalente a 1,5% de peso vivo por animal, disponibilizada em cochos, e somente o GT recebeu probiótico em pó na quantidade de 5g por animal, misturado à ração. Realizou-se análise bromatológica dos pastos e concentrado. No dia inicial (D0) e final do experimento (D45), foi feita classificação do escore corporal. Os animais foram pesados no dia inicial (D0), dia 7 (D7), dia 15 (D15), dia 30 (D30) e no dia último dia (D45), obtendo-se o ganho médio de peso diário (GMPD) e o peso médio. Avaliou-se o suco ruminal no último dia do experimento (D45). Não houve diferença significativa no desempenho entre os grupos, entretanto, o parâmetro ruminal demonstrou resultados superiores no grupo tratado. Palavras-chave: Escore Corporal. Ganho de Peso Médio. Liquido Ruminal. Saccharomyces cerevisiaeAbstractIn sheep farming, farmers need to adapt to the new technologies to obtain better quality products. Probiotics are dietary supplements containing viable ruminal and intestinal microorganisms, which in adequate amount can produce beneficial effects on the small ruminants health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the permormance and ruminal parameter by probiotic use in crossbred Dorper lambs supplemented to pasture. 57 crossbreed Dorper lambs were used, aged 6 to 12 months and they were separated into two groups: GC (control group), with 28 animals, and TC (treated group) with 29 lambs. They remained in Cynodon plectostachyus and Panicum maximum cv. Aruana piquet and there was a weekly relay between groups for each pasture. Once a day both groups received concentrate equivalent to 1.5% of live weight per animal, available in troughs and only the GC received probiotic in the amount of 5g per animal, mixed with feed. A bromatological analysis of the pasture and concentrate was made. On the initial day (D0) and on the end of the experiment (D45), the body score was made in all animals. They were weighed on the initial day (D0), day 7 (D7), day 15 (D15), day 30 (D30) and on the last day of experiment (D45). The average weight gain and the mean weight were performed on all days of the experiment . The ruminal fluid was evaluated on the last day of the experiment (D45). There was no significant difference in performance between the groups and the ruminal parameter showed superior results in the treated group.Keywords: Body Score. Average Weight Gain. Ruminal Fluid. Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A sincronização do estro é uma ferramenta útil que fornece ao criador de ovinos um planejamento estratégico, concentrando e regularizando os nascimentos em diferentes épocas do ano, o que permite suprir a demanda do mercado. Diferentes protocolos hormonais estão disponíveis no mercado, porém, seus efeitos e resultados ainda não são totalmente claros. Objetivou-se avaliar protocolos de sincronização de estro de curta duração com o uso de hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH) e gonadotrofina coriônica equina (eCG) como indutores de ovulação em borregas mestiças Dorper na contra-estação. As borregas receberam um dispositivo intravaginal contendo 0,36g de progesterona (D0) e após seis dias, o dispositivo foi removido e assim efetuou-se os seguintes tratamentos: T-FSH recebeu aplicação intramuscular de 10mg de dinoprost e 10 mg de FSH (D6); T-eCG recebeu aplicação intramuscular de 10mg de dinoprost e 300UI de eCG (D6). As ovelhas foram submetidas à monta natural. A detecção de estro se deu através da marcação de fêmeas em cio com a deposição da tinta no peitoral do reprodutor. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado trinta dias após o último dia de exposição aos reprodutores com ultrassom. O do uso de dispositivo de progesterona por curto período de tempo foi eficiente. Não houve diferença para taxa de estro (100% T-eCG vs. 100% T-FSH). Um maior número de animais do T-eCG obteve manifestação estral mais precocemente (57,6 ± 16,33 para T-eCG vs. 61,2 ± 16,47 para T-FSH), embora não apresentem diferença estatística (P-valor 0,8723). A taxa de prenhez foi similar em ambos os grupos, sendo 60% (12/20) no T-FSH e 45% (9/20) no T-eCG, não havendo diferença estatística (P-valor=0.35). Conclui-se que tanto a aplicação de FSH, quanto de eCG foram efetivos em protocolo de curta duração para sincronização de estro ovino.
Palavras-chave: Gonadotrofina. Borregas. Primer Ovino. Ovulação. Biotecnologia Reprodutiva.

Abstract
The estrus synchronization is a useful tool that provides a strategic planning to the sheep breeder, concentrating and regularizing births at different times of the year, which allows to supply the market demand. Different hormonal protocols are available on the market; however, their effects and results are still not entirely clear. The objective was to evaluate short-term protocols for estrus synchronization using follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) as ovulation inducers in cross-breed Dorper lambs in the counter-season. The lambs received an intravaginal device containing 0.36 g of progesterone (D0) and after six days, the device was removed and the following treatments were performed: T-FSH received intramuscular application of 10 mg of dinoprost and 10 mg of FSH (D6); T-eCG received intramuscular application of 10mg of dinoprost and 300UI of eCG (D6). The sheep were submitted to natural breeding. The detection of estrus occurred through the marking of females in heat with the deposition of ink on the pectoral of the hams. The diagnosis of pregnancy was made thirty days after the last day of exposure to hams with ultrasound. The use of a progesterone device for a short period of time was efficient. There was no difference in estrus rate (100% T-eCG vs. 100% T-FSH). A higher number of animals from T-eCG had earlier estrous manifestation (57.6 ± 16.33 for T-eCG vs. 61.2 ± 16.47 for T-FSH), although without statistical difference (P-valor 0,8723). The pregnancy rate was similar in both groups, with 60% (12/20) in T-FSH and 45% (9/20) in T-eCG, with no statistical difference (P-value = 0.35). It is concluded that both FSH and eCG applications were effective in a short duration protocol for synchronization of ovine estrus.
Keywords: Gonadotropin. Lambs. Ovine Primer. Ovulation. Reproductive Biotechnology.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of antibodies against Neospora caninum, obtained two years apart, among dairy cattle in a rural settlement in southern Brazil. Blood samples from 734 dairy cattle on 41 farms were collected at two different times: in 2012, 406 animals on 30 farms were used; and in 2014, 329 animals on 31 farms. Serum samples were obtained and were used to detect antibodies against N. caninum, by means of the indirect fluorescence assay (IFA). Animals with titers ? 100 were considered positive. The total serum prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies was 19.7% (145/736) among all the dairy cattle, comprising 23.1% (94/406) in 2012 and 15.5% (51/329) in 2014. Serum from 91 animals was tested in both trials: 11(12.1%) showed positivity in 2012 and 10 (11%) in 2014. The variables of age, sex and breed did not show any associations with seropositivity. Thus, we showed that the cattle in this settlement presented high levels of antibodies against N. caninum, and that IFA showed good efficacy for epidemiological studies.

<p class="Pa7">The aims of present study were to evaluate the effects of milk somatic cell count (SCC) and heat stress on yield and milk composition of cows in a herd for commercial production in a temperate region during the period 2008-2012. Data from the monthly milk test-day records of 161±9 Holstein, totaling 9,650 milkings, were provided by the Association of Holstein Cattle Breeders of Parana State, and analyzed by descriptive analysis, correlation, analysis of variance, and regression analysis. The average daily milk yield was 31.78 kg/cow, which decreased to 29.31% when the somatic cell score (SCS) was 9, and to 11% when the Equivalent Temperature Index (ETI) was 32 or above. Lactose content decreased from SCS 0 until 9 and fat content decreased from SCS 1 until 9, totaling decrease 7.88 and 9.23%, respectively, when the SCS was 9. An opposite effect was observed for the protein content, which increased by 3.6% at SCS 8, when compared to SCS 0. Losses were observed in the daily total solids production from the SCS 0, totaling 30.64% at SCS 9.The increase in ETI to 32 or above reduced all milk constituents as much as 3.42%, except protein. These results, combined with the losses in milk yield at that ETI level, led to a decrease of up to 12.74% of milk solids. It is concluded that since losses in milk quality and yield resulting from SCC and ETI are significant, actions to prevent infection in the mammary gland and to provide a comfortable environment for dairy cattle are needed even in temperate regions.</p>

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características de desempenho, carcaça e qualidade da carne de borregas terminadas em dois sistemas: com suas mães no sistema de creep feeding e confinadas após o desmame. Dezesseis borregas mestiças Texel x Hampshire Down foram divididas em dois tratamentos: borregas com suas mães, alimentadas em creep feed ou desmamadas e confinadas. A dieta oferecida aos dois tratamentos consistiu em 420 g kg-1 de volumoso (cana-de-açúcar) e 580 g kg-1 de concentrado, com adição de 70 g kg-1 de glicerina bruta na matéria seca da dieta. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas no início e no final do período experimental para avaliar a glicemia. Os animais foram abatidos quando atingiram peso vivo médio de 28 kg. Os animais terminados no sistema creep feeding apresentaram maior nível de glicose plasmática. Os valores médios obtidos para as características de peso e rendimento de carcaça foram maiores para os animais criados no sistema creep feeding. Em geral, as variáveis de composição química e características da carne dos animais não diferiram entre os sistemas de terminação, exceto o valor do pH e a capacidade de retenção de água. As características de desempenho e qualidade da carne de borregas terminadas nos sistemas avaliados foram semelhantes, e as borregas terminadas no sistema creep feeding tiveram carcaças mais pesadas do que as terminadas nos sistemas de confinamento.

Palavras-chave: Ganho de peso. Ovinos. Rendimento de carcaça. Subproduto.

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, carcass and meat quality traits of ewe lambs finished in two systems: with their mothers in a creep feeding system and early weaning followed by feedlot. Sixteen Texel × Hampshire Down crossbred ewe lambs were separated into two treatment groups, consisting of ewe lambs with their mothers, fed by creep feeding or weaned and confined. The diet offered to both treatments consisted of 420 g kg-1 of roughage (sugar cane) and 580 g kg-1 concentrate, with the addition of 70 g kg-1 of crude glycerin in the dry matter of the diet. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the experimental period to measure plasma glucose content. The animals were slaughtered when they reached an average of 28 kg live weight. Animals finished in creep feeding systems had a higher amount of plasma glucose. The mean values obtained for weight and yield carcass characteristics were better in creep feeding. In general, the chemical composition and meat quality variables did not differ between the finishing systems, except for the pH value and water loss under pressure. The performance and meat quality traits of ewe lambs in the evaluated finishing systems were similar, and the ewe lambs in the creep feeding system had greater carcass weight than ewe lambs finishing in feedlot systems.

Keywords: Byproducts. Carcass Yield. Sheep. Weight Gain.