Die Arbeit befasst sich mit dem regionalisierten und sektorübergreifenden Steuerungsansatz von Regional Governance und der Einbeziehung der Forstwirtschaft als Politiksektor. Am Beispiel der integrierten ländlichen Entwicklung klärt sie einerseits die Frage nach forstwirtschaftlichen Potentialen in Regional Governance-Initiativen und analysiert andererseits allgemeine politische Kräfte, die Regional Governance bestimmen. Es wird gezeigt, dass im Rahmen von Regional Governance-Initiativen konventionelle und innovative Potentiale für die Forstwirtschaft bestehen. Diese können jedoch aufgrund unterschiedlicher Informationsstände, verschiedener Kapazitäten sowie unterschiedlicher Anreizwirkungen nicht von allen Akteursgruppen gleichermaßen realisiert werden. Die vorgefundenen politischen Determinanten von Regional Governance umfassen die Konkurrenz zwischen Regional Governance-Institutionen und demokratisch legitimierten Institutionen, die Strategie höherer politischer Ebenen zur Erlangung von Einfluss auf Regionalpolitik, sowie die Prägung von Regional Governance durch die Interessen von starken Akteuren und deren Koalitionen.
Die Arbeit befasst sich mit dem regionalisierten und sektorübergreifenden Steuerungsansatz von Regional Governance und der Einbeziehung der Forstwirtschaft als Politiksektor. Am Beispiel der integrierten ländlichen Entwicklung klärt sie einerseits die Frage nach forstwirtschaftlichen Potentialen in Regional Governance-Initiativen und analysiert andererseits allgemeine politische Kräfte, die Regional Governance bestimmen. Es wird gezeigt, dass im Rahmen von Regional Governance-Initiativen konventionelle und innovative Potentiale für die Forstwirtschaft bestehen. Diese können jedoch aufgrund unterschiedlicher Informationsstände, verschiedener Kapazitäten sowie unterschiedlicher Anreizwirkungen nicht von allen Akteursgruppen gleichermaßen realisiert werden. Die vorgefundenen politischen Determinanten von Regional Governance umfassen die Konkurrenz zwischen Regional Governance-Institutionen und demokratisch legitimierten Institutionen, die Strategie höherer politischer Ebenen zur Erlangung von Einfluss auf Regionalpolitik, sowie die Prägung von Regional Governance durch die Interessen von starken Akteuren und deren Koalitionen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird gezeigt, dass der sektorübergreifende Anspruch von Regional Governance aufgrund sektoraler Interessenlagen sowohl in der Formulierung als auch im regionalen Vollzug nicht erfüllt wird und sich lediglich punktuelle Integrationserfolge auf Projektebene erreichen lassen. Diese Ergebnisse lassen sich durch zweierlei Machtstrategien erklären: Einerseits das Bemühen übergeordneter politischer Ebenen, ihren Einfluss auf Regionalpolitik auszuweiten und andererseits die Strategie von konkurrierenden Politiksektoren, ihren Einflussbereich zu verteidigen bzw. zu Lasten anderer Sektoren auszudehnen.
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Dieser Beitrag identifiziert die inhaltlichen und politischen Innovationen von Regional Governance am Beispiel der integrierten ländlichen Entwicklung. Die politischen Probleme des Ansatzes werden anhand einer Reihe von Fallstudien analysiert. Hier treten die Konkurrenz von Regional Governance zum regionalen "Government", starke sektorale Interessen und Institutionen sowie der Mehrebenencharakter von Politik für ländliche Räume als Hindernisse in den Vordergrund. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer ausführlichen und realistischen Diskussion der Handlungsoptionen zur Stärkung der integrierten ländlichen Entwicklung. ; peerReviewed
Tropical countries are often blamed for not managing their natural resources sustainably. But what if overexploitation is inherent in political structures and policies&mdash ; rooted in foreign colonial order&mdash ; and is consistently detrimental in the contemporary use of forestlands? This article argues that post-colonial land development policies and related political interests seriously impede the sustainability of forest ecosystems in Cô ; te d&rsquo ; Ivoire. Methodologically, the study builds on a historic contextualisation of forestland use policies in Sub-Saharan Africa, with Cô ; te d&rsquo ; Ivoire serving as a case study. The results indicate that the increasing development of so-called rent crops clearly follows the historical dynamics of &lsquo ; land grabbing&rsquo ; and a post-colonial agrarian model. This situation benefits agribusiness entrepreneurs and, more recently, sustainability standards. The study discusses the findings based on recent literature and empirical evidence. In conclusion, the post-colonial heritage and the manipulation of the related patterns by elites and policy-makers largely explains the present-day unsustainable forestland conversions in Cô ; te d&rsquo ; Ivoire.
This paper seeks to examine India's role in the politics of a specific climate change mitigation policy called "Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and enhancing forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+)". It explores India's strategic behaviour towards the development of REDD policy. The paper argues that India had pushed for the remodelling of the global REDD negotiations by expanding its scope to conservation activities, which entails more direct benefits for India. This is largely due to differences in India's rates of forest cover and deforestation as compared to high forest - high deforestation countries such as Brazil and Indonesia. To substantiate its argument, the paper uses the main underpinnings of relative gains theory in international relations and applies them toward interpreting India's behaviour in negotiating REDD+ at global level. Further, the paper analyses the Indian strategies used to remodel the REDD mechanism using insights from soft power theory and its more recent amendments. Thematic analysis of the REDD-relevant documents as well as exploratory expert interviews have been employed for showing India's proactive role in the politics of REDD+. It is concluded that India indeed played a central role in critical past decisions, which lead to re-shaping REDD due to relative gains concerns and mainly by means of soft power strategies.
Forest certification has been introduced by non-state actors as a voluntary and market-based instrument addressing forest problems, which state policies failed to resolve. Lately, however, state-driven forest-related certification schemes can be observed, e.g. in Indonesia, through the EU FLEGT-VPA negotiation process. It is argued, specific state agencies in a struggle for power and authority develop mandatory certification schemes which are directly competing with private ones. Before this background, the aims of this study are: (i) describing the current trend from voluntary private to mandatory state certification schemes in Indonesia, (ii) mapping the main actors involved in certification politics, and (iii) explaining this trend with the interests of the main actors. The results confirm a trend from voluntary private to mandatory state-driven certification of forest management. The Ministry of Forestry, the Ministry of Trade, the Ministry of Industry, wood producer and processing associations, European Union, local funding organizations, environmental organizations, certification bodies and international buyers are detected as the main coalitions and actors in the certification politics. The stronger coalition develops a mandatorily-timber legality verification system as strategies to counter their voluntary private competitor schemes.
Scholarship in international law aims at addressing global forest governance comprehensively. This article reviews the recent contribution Global Forest Governance - Legal Concepts and Policy Trends by Rowena Maguire and puts it into the perspective of recent political and policy science research on global forests. While finding Maguire's volume being a very timely and valuable contribution to the interdisciplinary discussions on international forest governance, we identify some weaknesses which are mostly rooted in methodological critique and a lack of a systematic framework for analysis.
Since the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992, forest management and conservation have become important issues in international forest-related politics and policies. As a result, different international initiatives have dealt with the subject directly or indirectly, building up a fragmented international forest regime complex made of international laws and agreements about forests. The diverse elements of this regime complex are differently made relevant by various actors in different countries. The aim of this study was to identify the most relevant forest issue elements in Argentina as well as the main involved actors and their positions towards these elements as a result of their interests. To identify the issues, content analysis of documents was employed on public sources (newspapers, websites) as well as expert sources (personal interviews and professional journals) from 2008 - 2012. The most relevant actors were identified and categorized. The positions of the different actors were obtained analyzing the different sources. The forest issue elements found to be relevant in Argentina are: climate change and forests, forest biodiversity, regional forest-related policy initiatives, competing forest certification schemes, desertification, bilateral forest related disputes and forest-related support by international organizations. The various actors identified showed different positions regarding a diversity of issues, being climate change and forests the most conflictive concern among actors, especially among environmental NGOs and forestry associations and the Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries. ; Desde la Cumbre de la Tierra, en 1992, el manejo y conservación de los bosques se han convertido en temas importantes en la política forestal internacional. Como resultado, distintas iniciativas internacionales abordaron el tema de manera directa o indirecta, conformándose un cuerpo normativo de leyes y acuerdos fragmentado sobre los bosques de alcance internacional. Los temas que conforman este régimen normativo se convierten en relevantes de distinta manera por medio de varios actores en diferentes países. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar los principales temas de política forestal internacional relevantes en Argentina así como los principales actores involucrados y sus posiciones frente a los mismos como resultado de sus intereses. Para la identificación de estos temas se consultaron fuentes públicas (diarios nacionales, páginas web) así como expertas (entrevistas y publicaciones profesionales) entre el 2008 - 2012. Los actores más importantes fueron identificados y categorizados. Las posiciones de los distintos actores se obtuvieron mediante el análisis de las fuentes. Los temas de política forestal internacional identificados en la Argentina fueron: cambio climático y bosques, biodiversidad en sistemas forestales, iniciativas de políticas forestales regionales, competencia de sistemas de certificación forestal, desertificación,disputas bilaterales referentes a bosques y financiamiento de organismos internacionales en temas forestales. Los diferentes actores identificados presentaron posiciones encontradas con respecto a los temas, detectándose el cambio climático y bosques como el más conflictivo entre actores, principalmente entre ONG ambientalistas y asociaciones forestales y la Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustantable y el Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca.
Desde la Cumbre de la Tierra, en 1992, el manejo y conservación de los bosques se han convertido en temas importantes en la política forestal internacional. Como resultado, distintas iniciativas internacionales abordaron el tema de manera directa o indirecta, conformándose un cuerpo normativo de leyes y acuerdos fragmentado sobre los bosques de alcance internacional. Los temas que conforman este régimen normativo se convierten en relevantes de distinta manera por medio de varios actores en diferentes países. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar los principales temas de política forestal internacional relevantes en Argentina así como los principales actores involucrados y sus posiciones frente a los mismos como resultado de sus intereses. Para la identificación de estos temas se consultaron fuentes públicas (diarios nacionales, páginas web) así como expertas (entrevistas y publicaciones profesionales) entre el 2008 - 2012. Los actores más importantes fueron identificados y categorizados. Las posiciones de los distintos actores se obtuvieron mediante el análisis de las fuentes. Los temas de política forestal internacional identificados en la Argentina fueron: cambio climático y bosques, biodiversidad en sistemas forestales, iniciativas de políticas forestales regionales, competencia de sistemas de certificación forestal, desertificación,disputas bilaterales referentes a bosques y financiamiento de organismos internacionales en temas forestales. Los diferentes actores identificados presentaron posiciones encontradas con respecto a los temas, detectándose el cambio climático y bosques como el más conflictivo entre actores, principalmente entre ONG ambientalistas y asociaciones forestales y la Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustantable y el Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca. ; Since the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992, forest management and conservation have become important issues in international forest-related politics and policies. As a result, different international initiatives have dealt with the subject directly or indirectly, building up a fragmented international forest regime complex made of international laws and agreements about forests. The diverse elements of this regime complex are differently made relevant by various actors in different countries. The aim of this study was to identify the most relevant forest issue elements in Argentina as well as the main involved actors and their positions towards these elements as a result of their interests. To identify the issues, content analysis of documents was employed on public sources (newspapers, websites) as well as expert sources (personal interviews and professional journals) from 2008 - 2012. The most relevant actors were identified and categorized. The positions of the different actors were obtained analyzing the different sources. The forest issue elements found to be relevant in Argentina are: climate change and forests, forest biodiversity, regional forest-related policy initiatives, competing forest certification schemes, desertification, bilateral forest related disputes and forest-related support by international organizations. The various actors identified showed different positions regarding a diversity of issues, being climate change and forests the most conflictive concern among actors, especially among environmental NGOs and forestry associations and the Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries. ; Laboratorio de Investigación de Sistemas Ecológicos y Ambientales (LISEA)
