Suchergebnisse

En el presente artículo dejamos al descubierto un novedoso mecanismo a través del cual una minoría puede ganar poder desproporcionado en una democracia que funciona perfectamente. En nuestro modelo un gobierno elegido por mayoría en una democracia bipartidista decide sobre un instrumento redistributivo único, la tasa de impuestos. Mostramos que una minoría que se caracteriza por un alto grado de identificación social puede, en presencia de incentivos ideológicos, influir en la política resultante. En particular, el aumento de la identificación social entre la minoría rica puede ser capaz de reducir la tasa de impuestos. Es importante destacar que esto puede ocurrir incluso si la minoría es más ideológica que la mayoría. Finalmente, intentamos brindar una explicación sobre la brecha existente en la tasa de impuestos entre los EE.UU. y Europa. ; In the present paper we uncover a novel mechanism through which a minority can gain a disproportionate power in a perfectly functioning democracy. In our model, a government elected by majority within a two party democracy, decides on a unique redistributive instrument, the tax rate. We show that a minority characterised by a high degree of social identification may, in the presence of ideological motives, influence the policy outcome. In particular, a rise in social identification among the rich minority may be able to reduce the tax rate. Importantly, this may happen even if the minority is more ideological than the majority. Finally, we attempt an explanation of the divide in the tax rate between the US and Europe.

El presente documento constituye el reporte detallado del Índice de Gobierno Electrónico Estatal (IGEE) 2010. Esta medición se realiza por quinto año de forma consecutiva, como parte de un proyecto que involucra a tres instituciones académicas en el país: El Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México y la Universidad de las Américas, Puebla. El estudio tiene como finalidad presentar información comparativa del nivel de funcionalidad que tienen los portales de los gobiernos estatales en México, como una herramienta para la toma de decisiones y la mejora continua de los portales estatales de nuestro país. El reporte incluye, además de la información asociada con el IGEE, información sobre el tráfico y la velocidad de despliegue de las páginas estatales. ; This document is a detailed report of the Index of State Electronic Government (Índice de Gobierno Electrónico Estatal-IGEE) 2010. This measurement has been done for five consecutive year as part of a research project involving three Mexican academic institutions: Centro de Investigación y Docencia Economica, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México and Universidad de las Américas, Puebla. The study has the purpuse to present comparative information regarding the level of functionality of the portals of the state government in Mexico, as a tool for decision-making and continuous improvement of the state portals in our country. In addition to information related with the IGEE, the report also includes information about traffic and display speed of the state Web pages.

Objective: Human and Organizational Factors (HOF) studies in health technology involve human beings and thus require Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. Yet HOF studies have specific constraints and methods that may not fit standard regulations and IRB practices. Gaining IRB approval may pose difficulties for HOF researchers. This paper aims to provide a first overview of HOF study challenges to get IRB review by exploring differences and best practices across different countries. Methods: HOF researchers were contacted by email to provide a testimony about their experience with IRB review and approval. Testimonies were thematically analyzed and synthesized to identify and discuss shared themes. Results: Researchers from seven European countries, Argentina, Canada, Australia, and the United States answered the call. Four themes emerged that indicate shared challenges in legislation, IRB inefficiencies and inconsistencies, general regulation and costs, and lack of HOF study knowledge by IRB members. We propose a model for IRB review of HOF studies based on best practices. Conclusion: International criteria are needed that define low and high-risk HOF studies, to allow identification of studies that can undergo an expedited (or exempted) process from those that need full IRB review. Enhancing IRB processes in such a way would be beneficial to the conduct of HOF studies. Greater knowledge and promotion of HOF methods and evidence-based HOF study designs may support the evolving discipline. Based on these insights, training and guidance to IRB members may be developed to support them in ensuring that appropriate ethical issues for HOF studies are considered.