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In social entrepreneurship, social innovation and human economy coexist with democratic governance and volunteerism in the development of new initiatives and responses to wicked welfare problems. Volunteerism in social entrepreneurship takes up a prominent position, leading to the birth of new organisational hybrid formats: social enterprises. Drawing upon a single case study of 'the Bridge', a typical Danish work integration social enterprise (WISE), it is shown how social enterprises act as 'strong learning arenas', opting for a number of high-profile and 'popular' objectives: to train and empower marginal citizens, to create sustainable enterprises in a new economy, to strengthen the local community, to renew welfare services and labour strategies, and to develop social enterprise and business models. Adding to these objectives we can include democracy and participation, and positioning the voluntary sector and the volunteers as vital agents in this development. The case analysis illustrates that these many objectives are quite demanding, yet also within reach; however, sufficient financial, organisational and managerial mechanisms are paramount. ; In social entrepreneurship, social innovation and human economy coexist with democratic governance and volunteerism in the development of new initiatives and responses to wicked welfare problems. Volunteerism in social entrepreneurship takes up a prominent position, leading to the birth of new organisational hybrid formats: social enterprises. Drawing upon a single case study of 'the Bridge', a typical Danish work integration social enterprise (WISE), it is shown how social enterprises act as 'strong learning arenas', opting for a number of high-profile and 'popular' objectives: to train and empower marginal citizens, to create sustainable enterprises in a new economy, to strengthen the local community, to renew welfare services and labour strategies, and to develop social enterprise and business models. Adding to these objectives we can include democracy and participation, and positioning the voluntary sector and the volunteers as vital agents in this development. The case analysis illustrates that these many objectives are quite demanding, yet also within reach; however, sufficient financial, organisational and managerial mechanisms are paramount.

Fieldwork is one of the important methods in educational, social, and organisational research. In fieldwork, the researcher takes residence for a shorter or longer period amongst the subjects and settings to be studied. The aim of this is to study the culture of people: how people seem to make sense of their lives and which moral, professional, and ethical values seem to guide their behaviour and attitudes. In fieldwork, the researcher has to balance participation and observation in her attempts at representation. Consequently, the researcher's academic and life-historical subjectivity are important filters for fieldwork. In general, fieldwork can be understood as processes where field reports and field analysis are determined by how the researcher interacts with and experiences the field, the events and informants in it, and how she subsequently develops an ethnography. However, fieldwork is also subjected to psychodynamic processes. In this article, I draw upon a number of research inquiries to illustrate how psychodynamic processes influence research processes: data production, research questions and methodology, relations to informants, as well as interpretation and analysis. I further investigate through a case study how the psychoanalytical concepts of "transference" and "institutional transference" can provide insight into the dynamics of efficiency and democracy at a number of Danish human service organisations. ; Fieldwork is one of the important methods in educational, social, and organisational research. In fieldwork, the researcher takes residence for a shorter or longer period amongst the subjects and settings to be studied. The aim of this is to study the culture of people: how people seem to make sense of their lives and which moral, professional, and ethical values seem to guide their behaviour and attitudes. In fieldwork, the researcher has to balance participation and observation in her attempts at representation. Consequently, the researcher's academic and life-historical subjectivity are important filters for fieldwork. In general, fieldwork can be understood as processes where field reports and field analysis are determined by how the researcher interacts with and experiences the field, the events and informants in it, and how she subsequently develops an ethnography. However, fieldwork is also subjected to psychodynamic processes. In this article, I draw upon a number of research inquiries to illustrate how psychodynamic processes influence research processes: data production, research questions and methodology, relations to informants, as well as interpretation and analysis. I further investigate through a case study how the psychoanalytical concepts of "transference" and "institutional transference" can provide insight into the dynamics of efficiency and democracy at a number of Danish human service organisations.

Artiklen giver et overblik over socialt entreprenørskab (SE) på dansk grund ved at trække tråde til en dansk tradition for sociale udviklingsprocesser og ved at se på, hvordan den aktuelle diskurs er påvirket af internationale strømninger. Artiklen etablerer en analytisk ramme, som dels diskuterer en dansk tradition for social udvikling, demokrati og (velfærds) deltagelse, der baner vejen for en distinkt udgave af SE på dansk grund, og dels illustrerer, hvordan begrebet fra slutningen af 1990erne importeres både fra amerikansk forskning i den tredje sektor og frivillighed og fra europæisk forskning i socialøkonomi. Artiklen præsenterer og diskuterer en række konkrete platforme og initiativer til fremme af socialt entreprenørskab og socialøkonomisk virksomhed i Danmark. Det illustreres, hvordan begrebet etableres og udvikles som et "contested" begreb, hvor forskellige aktører kæmper om definitionsret, strategi og implikationer. Hovedsigtet er her at optegne diskussionerne eksemplificeret gennem de observerbare termer: socialøkonomiske virksomheder, socialt iværksætteri, sociale opfindelser og socialt entreprenørskab – som alle er en del af den danske offentlighed – og det diskuteres, hvordan begrebet/fænomenet på dansk grund udfordres af den internationale scene: eksempelvis det europæiske forskningsnetværk EMES versus en amerikansk definition og tradition. Afslutningsvist diskuteres de potentialer, som begrebet favner: schools of democracy, deliberativt demokrati, bottom up, socialt entreprenørskab som potente lærings- og arbejdsmarkeds- og empowermentstrategier.


ENGELSK ABSTRACT:

Lars Hulgård and Linda Lundgaard Andersen: Social Entrepreneurship: Roll Back of Welfare or Arenas for Social Solidarity?

This article presents a state of the art review on social entrepreneurship in Denmark. Social entrepreneurship in Denmark is introduced by referring to classical approaches to entrepreneurship and innovation and then analyzed in the light of a specific Danish tradition for social development and local participation in welfare production. A recent wave of social entrepreneurship in Denmark is closely related to two distinct movements: firstly an American tradition of volunteerism linked to managerial skills and procedures adopted from private enterprises, and secondly a European tradition of social economy. The article presents some of the most recent programs and initiatives of social entrepreneurship that have entered Danish policy and practice; these have created arenas for new and hybrid types of social service provision. Finally social entrepreneurship is discussed as a contested concept that caters to different strategies for welfare, democracy, learning and advocacy.

Key words: Social entrepreneurship, social enterprises, social innovation, social developments.

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