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In principle, this paper gives an account of the meaning of the term 'binary chemical weapons', and of the effects their existence has on the scope of and controls covered by conventions concerning prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of chemical weapons, as well as prescriptions for their destruction. The conclusions drawn are particularly relevant to those responsible for the defence of a country against attack by chemical weapons.

In principle, this paper gives an account of the meaning of the term 'binary chemical weapons', and of the effects their existence has on the scope of and controls covered by conventions concerning prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of chemical weapons, as well as prescriptions for their destruction. The conclusions drawn are particularly relevant to those responsible for the defence of a country against attack by chemical weapons.

Anti-fascist discourses, practices and confrontations in 1930s Iceland / Ragnheidur Kristjándóttir and Pontus Järvstad -- Finnish liberals and anti-fascism, 1922-1932 / Jenni Karimäki -- An anti-fascist minority? Swedish-speaking Finnish responses to fascism / Matias Kaihovirta and Mats Wickström -- Conservative fascist sympathies and anti-fascism in 1930s Norway / Knut Dørum -- Three arrows against the swastika: militant social democracy and the radical opposition to fascism in Denmark, 1932-1934 / Charlie E. Krautwald -- Social democratic youth and anti-fascism in Sweden, 1929-1939 / Johan A. Lundin -- 'Boycott the Nazi flag': the anti-fascism of the International of Seamen and Harbour workers / Holger Weiss -- Anti-fascist race biology: Gunnar Dahlberg and the long farewell to the Nordic 'master race' / Martin Ericsson -- Finnish socialist intellectuals on fascism and anti-fascism in the 1930s / Tauno Saarela -- Intellectuals ready to fight: anti-fascist cultural fronts in Scandanavia, 1935-1939 / Ole Martin Rønning -- Fighting for peace: the Workers' stage, popular front and Spanish aid in 1930s Finland / Mikko-Olavi Seppälä -- The last 'Münzenberg empire': the transnational networks of Die Zukunft in the Nordic Countries, 1938-1940 / Bernhard H. Bayerlein -- Framing anti-fascism in the Cold War: the Socialist Youth International and Franco's regime after the Second World War / Anders Dalsager -- Radical-right movement and countermovement in Denmark, 1985-present / Flemming Mikkelsen -- Challenging fascist spatial claims: the struggle over the 30 November marches in southern Sweden / Andrés Brink Pinto and Johan Pries.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a framework for describing and analyzing misalignments in supply chain management related to changes in supply chain structures, processes and management components.Design/methodology/approachBased on the systems approach, a single‐case study including several embedded cases from the same supply chain was deployed. This was done according to the abductive research approach, which is favourable when extending existing and developing new theory. Data were collected through observations, interviews and workshops, and later analyzed through pattern matching. The case studied was the Swedish cash supply chain, which was appropriate since it has gone through several changes in its supply chain structure and management.FindingsA framework to describe and analyze misalignments in the supply chain was developed. The framework consists of three steps: first, identify changes in the supply chain, second, Identify Misalignments, and third, identify symptoms. For each step, a specific and more detailed framework was developed in order to facilitate the identification processes.Originality/valueUsing the framework described in this paper a researcher or practitioner acquires a structured approach to mapping the management of a supply chain so that its current misalignments can be identified.

PurposeDesigning digital artifacts is not a linear, straightforward process. This is particularly true when applying a user-centered design approach, or co-design, with users who are unable to participate in the design process. Although the reduced participation of a particular user group may harm the end result, the literature on solving this issue is sparse. In this article, proxy design is outlined as a method for involving a user group as proxy users to speak on behalf of a group that is difficult to reach. The article investigates the following research question: How can roleplaying be embedded in co-design to engage users as proxies on behalf of those who are unable to represent themselves?Design/methodology/approachThe article presents a design ethnography spanning three years at a cancer rehabilitation clinic, where digital artifacts were designed to be used collaboratively by nurses and patients. The empirical data were analyzed using content analysis and consisted of 20 observation days at the clinic, six proxy design workshops, 21 telephone consultations between patients and nurses, and log data from the digital artifact.FindingsThe article shows that simulated consultations, with nurses roleplaying as proxies for patients ignited and initiated the design process and enabled an efficient in-depth understanding of patients. Moreover, the article reveals how proxy design as a method further expanded the design. The study findings illustrate: (1) proxy design as a method for initiating design, (2) proxy design as an embedded element in co-design and (3) six design guidelines that should be considered when engaging in proxy design.Originality/valueThe main contribution is the conceptualization of proxy design as a method that can ignite and initiate the co-design process when important users are unreachable, vulnerable or unable to represent themselves in the co-design process. More specifically, based on the empirical findings from a design ethnography that involved nurses as proxy users speaking on behalf of patients, the article shows that roleplaying in proxy design is a fitting way of initiating the design process, outlining proxy design as an embedded element of co-design.