Suchergebnisse

This article discusses several aspects of the Digital Economy. First, the data industry and the business conduct of the approaching Internet of Things are presented. Second, the current standardization efforts promoted by the European Commission are discussed, for example, what the challenges are, how much should be standardized, and how prestandard consortia should be judged. Third, current and future competition law issues for the Digital Economy, in reference to standardization, are identified. The article states joint technology consortia for upper-layer standards, i.e. in the ecosystems, should benefit from heightened scrunity under Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), while system leaders' business conduct in the Digital Economy may be judged in reference to Article 102 TFEU. The article concludes that the main issue under general competition law in the Data Economy, at its current stage of development, is to create a level playing field by trying to facilitate the implementation of the Internet of Things. Thus, competition authorities should be cautious about the current ecosystem consortia driven standard-setting movement in the Digital Economy, while also facilitating the application of Article 102 TFEU when system leaders possibly abuse their dominance by not giving access to their respective ecosystems.

According to several Member States Copyright regimes, laws and regulations should be publicly accessible, free of charge, as only free access complies with basic standards of democracy, rule of law and transparency. Indeed, legal text is generally exempted from Copyright protection. However, what should we do with privately created rules, i.e. technical standards incorporated in laws by reference? Are technical standards incorporated by reference 'law', and exempted from Copyright protection, or something else? On the contrary, if such technical standards are not 'law', but the result of private intellectual creativity, access may restricted. Generally, Standard-Setting Organizations have been charging for access to technical standards claiming copyright protection. However, from the recent James Elliott case, we now know that EU harmonized standards, i.e. technical standards referred to in certain EU directives, forms part of EU law and may be interpreted by the European Court of Justice. So, no copyright? European harmonized standards are freely available for copying, uploading and downloading? Well, it depends. Indeed, the James Elliot case raises interesting questions of both constitutional and commercial character in reference to the status of technical standards incorporated by reference in law, of which some are discussed in this article.

This open access book is the first to systematically explore competition policy in fintech markets. Drawing from the expertise of law scholars, economists, and social and natural scientists from the EU and the US, this edited collection explores the competitive dynamics, market organisation, and competition law application in fintech markets. It is the 17th volume in the Swedish Studies in European Law series. The eBook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by the Swedish Network for European Legal Studies.

This book provides a thorough introduction to the parts of European Union law that are particularly relevant to the Internet, including electronic commerce. The reader is guided through the legal fields in a way that is accessible for readers without a legal background. The book may also serve as a valuable tool for both lawyers and legal academics who wish to familiarize themselves with Internet law or update their knowledge. The authors are Associate Professors at the Law Department of Copenhagen Business School

CaMn1-xNbxO3 (x = 0, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.10) thin films have been grown by a two-step sputtering/annealing method. First, rock-salt-structured (Ca,Mn1-x,Nb-x)O thin films were deposited on 11 & x304;00 sapphire using reactive RF magnetron co-sputtering from elemental targets of Ca, Mn and Nb. The CaMn1-xNbxO3 films were then obtained by thermally induced phase transformation from rock-salt-structured (Ca,Mn1-xNbx)O to orthorhombic during post-deposition annealing at 700 degrees C for 3 h in oxygen flow. The X-ray diffraction patterns of pure CaMnO3 showed mixed orientation, while Nb-containing films were epitaxially grown in [101] out of-plane-direction. Scanning transmission electron microscopy showed a Ruddlesden-Popper (R-P) secondary phase in the films, which results in reduction of the electrical and thermal conductivity of CaMn1-xNbxO3. The electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient of the pure CaMnO3 film were measured to 2.7 omega cm and -270 mu V K-1 at room temperature, respectively. The electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient were reduced by alloying with Nb and was measured to 0.09 omega cm and -145 mu V K-1 for x = 0.05. Yielding a power factor of 21.5 mu W K-2 m(-1) near room temperature, nearly eight times higher than for pure CaMnO3 (2.8 mu W K-2 m(-1)). The power factors for alloyed samples are low compared to other studies on phase-pure material. This is due to high electrical resistivity originating from the secondary R-P phase. The thermal conductivity of the CaMn1-xNbxO3 films is low for all samples and is the lowest for x = 0.07 and 0.10, determined to 1.6 W m(-1) K-1. The low thermal conductivity is attributed to grain boundary scattering and the secondary R-P phase. ; Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) through the Future Research Leaders 5 program; Swedish Research Council (VR)Swedish Research Council [2016-03365, 2014-4750]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation through the Wallenberg Academy Fellows program; Electron Microscopy Laboratory at Linkoping University; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU) [2009 00971]; Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Energy Agency [46519-1]; Spanish MinistrySpanish Government [MAT2017-86450-C4-3-R]