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ABSTRACTThe authors report on an oral health survey among Hong Kong Chinese homeless people. A total of 140 homeless men underwent clinical examination and were interviewed with a structured questionnaire. More than 90% had evidence of caries experience; most (75%) were related to untreated caries. The mean DMFT score was 9.0 (DT=3.2, MT=5.2. FT=0.6). Periodontal disease was highly prevalent, with 96% having periodontal pockets. The dental problems most frequently reported by the homeless were: bleeding gums or drifting teeth (62%), dental pain (52%) and tooth trauma (38%). More than 70% of the study's participants perceived a need for dental care. The population surveyed had poorer oral health compared to the general population. High levels of dental needs, both normative and perceived, were found. There is a need to provide more accessible and affordable oral health services to this group of people.

Purpose: This study evaluates a parent education program (PEP), a 13-session group intervention, for single fathers' parental self-efficacy and father-child relationship in rural areas in China. Methods: Through convenience sampling, 16 single fathers received a parental education program for their parental self-efficacy and the father-child relationship between May 30 and August 30, 2020. Results: Most single fathers (14 out of 16) completed all intervention sessions and assessments. Statistically significant improvements were observed for pre-, post-, and follow-up scores for parental self-efficacy, father-child relationship, and certain subdomains of family participation. Conclusions: A group-based parental education program for parental self-efficacy and parent-child relationship shows promise for supporting single fathers from rural areas in China and in improving the wellness of their children.

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueDo firms take advantage of the flexibility of the "comply or explain" corporate governance disclosure regime to adopt governance practices that are best suited to their needs and value‐added to the firms as predicted by economic theories of the firm? Using the Canadian "comply or explain" corporate governance disclosure regime, we construct a board score measure based on the Canadian code's 47 "best practices." We employ a unique approach by positing that the "explain" disclosures indicate higher agency costs of best practice adoption or indicate the ability of the firm to improve its governance practices relative to "best practices" in light of firm specific circumstances.Research Findings/InsightsWe find that our measure is strongly and positively associated with higher firm value and weakly and positively associated with better operational performance. Further, our measure is more strongly associated with both than best practice adoption measures.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur unique measure of governance quality reveals differences in governance efficiency and effectiveness that are consistent with the theorized advantages of "comply or explain" governance disclosure regimes. Further, our results suggest that firms in a "comply or explain" regime are not employing, on average, the discretion permitted by such a regime to avoid improvements to their corporate governance practices.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOur results support the proposition that the flexibility of a "comply or explain" governance regime provides tangible financial benefits to shareholders in terms of higher firm value and returns on shareholders' equity investment.