Suchergebnisse

Einleitung/Kapitel 1: Orientierungen -- Kapitel 2: Rachels Schrei und die Wege zur lesbischen Mutterschaft -- Kapitel 3: DNA-Tests, Mamzerut und die Bürokratie der transnationalen Leihmutterschaft -- Kapitel 4: Kämpfe um Anerkennung -- Kapitel 5: Jüdische Kinder und Fragen der Zugehörigkeit -- Kapitel 6: Veränderungen von innen -- Fazit/Kapitel 7: Gleichgeschlechtliche Elternschaft und die Herstellung jüdischer Kontinuität.

Chapter 1: Orientations -- Chapter 2: Rachel's cry and the paths to lesbian motherhood -- Chapter 3: DNA tests, mamzerut, and the bureaucracies of transnational surrogacy -- Chapter 4: Struggles over recognition -- Chapter 5: Making Jewish children and questions of belonging -- Chapter 6: Transformations from within -- Chapter 7/Conclusion: Same-sex parenthood and the making of Jewish continuity.

In the spring of 2013, I had the opportunity to accompany a group of Israeli gay couples to Mumbai to conduct ethnographic research on their experiences with transnational surrogacy. Based on this study, the article discusses their encounters with the Indian and Israeli bureaucracy establishing legal parenthood and citizenship to their children. The involved procedures seldom worked out smoothly, and brought about many moments of standstill. I suggest that these moments constituted crises of citizenship, in which the intended parents' experiences clashed with their expectations towards the state and their place in the world. As both countries had no written policies with regards to transnational surrogacy, the protocols and requirements were in flux and left them with constant anxiety from the unknown and with the feeling that many of the requirements were arbitrary, even exploitative or spiteful. The very same moments also unveiled my interlocutors' power, as agents and brokers—and at times even their social network back home—assisted them in the maze of bureaucracy and intervened on their behalf. Yet, their reliance on intermediators turned out to be a double-edged sword: The intended parents often felt that the middle men themselves were not engaged enough, overcharged them, or tricked them into additional payments. Vulnerability and privilege go here hand in hand, thus allowing for an understanding of intended parents that does not view them as either successful neoliberal citizens or vulnerable victims of the state.

Entre loi civile et loi religieuse. Comment les couples homosexuels deviennent parents en Israël Cet article analyse la façon dont les couples gays et lesbiens deviennent parents grâce à un don de sperme ou en pratiquant une gpa hors des frontières. Ces couples et les autorités publiques explorent l'espace que la législation familiale israélienne leur ouvre. Ce faisant, ils dévoilent non seulement les contradictions et les tensions des politiques de reproduction, mais modèlent aussi activement les relations entre la loi civile et la loi juive.

Abstract
This article analyzes the place of intimacy in the encounters between Israeli gay men and Indian surrogates. While transnational surrogacy is often presented either as an act of solidarity or as a contract for mutual benefit, the article complicates this picture. The intended fathers in the study simultaneously negated, expected, feared, and desired intimacy. The emphasis of the surrogates' monetary interests kept the women outside the fathers' families. Yet framing surrogacy as pure work conflicts with the affection and appreciation the men felt toward their surrogates. They felt the need to meet them, even if only once, to bring the relationship to a good end. Their balancing act unveils the asymmetries that structure transnational surrogacy. Gay men rely on distance and proximity to create consistent stories of origin for their children. They do so, however, at the expense of the surrogates, whose possibilities to enact their ideas about these relationships are limited.