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Describes the religious debate that took place within the Communist Party in the 1920s. Although today's Russian Federation is seeking its cultural roots in religion & national identity, both were condemned as ideological enemies during the Soviet period. The article focuses on the case of M. H. Sultan-Galiev, whom the 12th Congress accused of conspiracy & expelled from the Party in 1923 on the grounds of "Pan-Turkism" & "Pan-Islamism." Sultan-Galiev had recommended, among other things, that the Communist Party must reach a compromise with religion to be effective in Muslim areas. The religious debate continued with the 13th Congress; a resolution introduced by M. I. Kalinin recommended anti-religious propaganda rather than coercive measures, although Trotsky warned of the potential consequences. The Russian Orthodox Church has been politicized in recent years, & its future is uncertain. 31 References. J. R. Callahan