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Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- 1 Concerning the Definition of Crime -- 2 Let's Think about Crime -- 3 What Is Crime? -- 4 Crime and Science -- 5 Crime and the Individual -- 6 Crime, the Concept versus Its Measurement as a Violation of the Criminal Law -- 7 Framing a Definition of Crime: Toward Crime Definition 1.0 -- 8 Concerns with the Explanation of Crime -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Notes -- Index

ABSTRACTIncreasing restrictions on sewage sludge disposal routes and the tightening of treatment requirements have led to an escalation of sludge‐disposal costs which are out of proportion to other sewage‐treatment costs: consequently reducing sludge volume is becoming increasingly cost‐effective. Consolidation of anaerobically digested sludge has traditionally been difficult and takes many weeks in secondary digesters or deep storage tanks. Pre‐aeration of the sludge using the Aercon process can enable consolidation to take place in days instead of weeks.This paper reports the results of a pilot‐scale plant designed to investigate further the mechanism by which aeration speeds up consolidation. It was concluded that the rate of consolidation depended on aeration intensity and cooling of the sludge. Inhibition of anaerobiosis was more important than gas stripping in enhancing consolidation.

Attempts to extend previous empirical examinations of environmental justice into the area of accidental chemical releases, using census & Environmental Protection Agency data to examine the relationship between the racial, ethnic, economic, & demographic characteristics of 164 census tracts & serious chemical accidents that occurred in Hillsborough County, FL, 1991-1994. Bivariate analysis indicates that chemical accidents are, on average, more likely to occur near census tracts that are African American & low-income than tracts that are white & more affluent. However, in multivariate analysis, race is not statistically significant when controlling for the effects of income. These findings call attention to the problem of environmental injustice in the form of accidental chemical spills; additional research must be conducted in other locations. 3 Tables, 47 References. Adapted from the source document.

While there is growing recognition of the value of community-based alternatives to detention in the US, shortfalls in funding and political will are hindering implementation of improved services and best practice

Abstract Background The Health (Pricing and Supply of Medical Goods) Act 2013 passed into law in July 2013 and legislated for generic substitution in Ireland. The aim of the study was to ascertain the knowledge and perceptions of stakeholders i.e. patients, pharmacists and prescribers, of generic medicines and to generic substitution with the passing of legislation. Methods Three stakeholder specific questionnaires were developed to assess knowledge of and perceptions to generic medicines and generic substitution. Purposive samples of patients, prescribers and pharmacists were analysed. Descriptive quantitative and qualitative analyses were undertaken. Results and discussion A total of 762 healthcare professionals and 353 patients were recruited. The study highlighted that over 84 % of patients were familiar with generic medicines and are supportive of the concept of generic substitution. Approximately 74 % of prescribers and 84 % of pharmacists were supportive of generic substitution in most cases. The main areas of concern highlighted by the healthcare professionals that might impact on the successful implementation of the policy, were the issue of bioequivalence with generic medicines, the computer software systems used at present in general practitioner (GP) surgeries and the availability of branded generics. The findings from this study identify a high baseline rate of acceptance to generic medicines and generic substitution among patients, prescribers and pharmacists in the Irish setting. The concerns of the main stakeholders provide a valuable insight into the potential difficulties that may arise in its implementation, and the need for on-going reassurance and proactive dissemination of the impact of the generic substitution policy. Conclusion The existing positive attitude to generic medicines and generic substitution among key stakeholders in Ireland to generic substitution, combined with appropriate support and collaboration should result in the desired increase in rates of prescribing, dispensing and use of generic medicines.

Cet article documente les perspectives d'intervenants de la santé et des services sociaux desservant des communautés pluriethniques de Montréal au sujet de l'impact du débat public sur le projet de Charte des valeurs proposé par le gouvernement du Québec à l'automne 2013. Les résultats suggèrent que ce débat public a eu des répercussions sur les intervenants et sur le bien-être des communautés, surtout minoritaires, mais également de la majorité. Ces résultats soulignent également que des débats sociaux suscitant la division peuvent influencer le vivre-ensemble et le rapport à l'Autre dans les services de santé et de services sociaux.

Background Ghana has made impressive progress against malaria, decreasing mortality and morbidity by over 50% between 2005 and 2015. These gains have been facilitated in part, due to increased financial commitment from government and donors. Total resources for malaria increased from less than USD 25 million in 2006 to over USD 100 million in 2011. However, the country still faces a high burden of disease and is at risk of declining external financing due to its strong economic growth and the consequential donor requirements for increased government contributions. The resulting financial gap will need to be met domestically. The purpose of this study was to provide economic evidence of the potential risks of withdrawing financing to shape an advocacy strategy for resource mobilization. Methods A compartmental transmission model was developed to estimate the impact of a range of malaria interventions on the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria between 2018 and 2030. The model projected scenarios of common interventions that allowed the attainment of elimination and those that predicted transmission if interventions were withheld. The outputs of this model were used to generate costs and economic benefits of each option. Results Elimination was predicted using the package of interventions outlined in the national strategy, particularly increased net usage and improved case management. Malaria elimination in Ghana is predicted to cost USD 961 million between 2020 and 2029. Compared to the baseline, elimination is estimated to prevent 85.5 million cases, save 4468 lives, and avert USD 2.2 billion in health system expenditures. The economic gain was estimated at USD 32 billion in reduced health system expenditure, increased household prosperity and productivity gains. Through malaria elimination, Ghana can expect to see a 32-fold return on their investment. Reducing interventions, predicted an additional 38.2 clinical cases, 2500 deaths and additional economic losses of USD 14.1 billion. Conclusions Malaria ...