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Between-subject differences in age, gender and residential experience were found to contribute significantly to differences in landscape preference ratings. When 283 subjects rated five vegetational biomes, preferences changed through the life cycle, with the highest preferences shown by young children and the lowest by elderly subjects; preference diverged in adolescence for males and females and for urban and rural residents. Preferences were highest for the most familiar biome. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that landscape preference is shaped by innate or evolutionarily determined factors. These findings suggest that the development of landscape preference is a cumulative process sensitive to socially differentiating factors. In the study of landscape preference it is necessary to identify both the physical aspects of the landscape as well as the social and demographic characteristics of the subjects in order to identify the sources of variation in preference.

Abstract. We study the relationship between the level of compensation and time use for US state legislators. Using survey data on time use, we show that higher salary is robustly associated with legislators spending more time on fundraising. In contrast, higher salary is also robustly associated with less time spent on legislative activities and has no clear relation to time spent on constituent services. The fundraising results are particularly strong for legislators who do not intend to run for higher office. Our results are consistent with an interpretation that higher salary raises the value of office, and politicians respond with more fundraising because increased fundraising raises the chance of getting re‐elected more than does increased legislative activity. Back‐of‐the‐envelope calculations suggest that a $30,000 increase in salary is associated with politicians annually devoting 13 more hours to fundraising and 18 fewer hours to legislative activity.Résumé.Un temps pour faire les lois et un autre pour lever des fonds? Étude du rapport entre le salaire et l'emploi du temps des législateurs d'état. Dans cet article, nous examinons le lien entre le niveau de rémunération et l'emploi du temps des législateurs d'état aux États‐Unis. En nous appuyant sur plusieurs données d'enquêtes relatives à la gestion du temps, nous montrons que plus leur salaire est élevé, plus les législateurs ont tendance à consacrer du temps à lever des fonds, le temps dévolu aux activités législatives ayant, quant à lui, tendance à diminuer sans lien évident avec le temps passé en circonscription au service des citoyens. Les résultats relatifs aux levées de fonds sont particulièrement forts dès lors que les législateurs ne briguent pas de plus hautes fonctions, et sont conformes à l'interprétation selon laquelle un salaire élevé accroît l'intérêt pour une fonction. Et puisque l'augmentation des activités de financement ne se traduit pas par davantage d'activités législatives, mais par des chances de réélection accrues, les politiciens multiplient les levées de fonds. Des calculs rapides et approximatifs suggèrent qu'une hausse du salaire des politiciens de 30 000 $ par an représenterait 13 heures de collecte de fonds en plus, mais 18 heures d'activités législatives en moins annuellement.

Digitization has facilitated the proliferation of crowd science by lowering the cost of finding individuals with the willingness to participate in science without pay. However, the factors that influence participation and the outcomes of voluntary participation are unclear. We report two findings from a field experiment on the world's largest crowd science platform that tests how voluntary contributions to science are affected by providing clarifying information on either the desired outcome of a scientific task or the labor requirements for completing the task. First, there is significant heterogeneity in the motivations and ability of contributors to crowd science. Second, both of the information interventions lead to significant decreases in the quantity and increases in the quality of contributions. Combined, our findings are consistent with the information interventions improving match quality between the task and the volunteer. Our findings suggest that science can be democratized by engaging individuals with varying skill levels and motivations with small changes in the information provided to participants.

We document the impact of an entrepreneurship training program on startup activity of minorities (females and non-Caucasians). We compare entrepreneurial activity between applicants who are accepted into the program with applicants who are program finalists but not accepted. We find that the effect of the program is small for minorities in the short run. However, the effect of the program is more pronounced for minorities' likelihood of longer run startup activity, whereas the effect on non-minorities is small and statistically insignificant. We suggest that such programs are most effective for individuals that may otherwise have limited access to entrepreneurial opportunities.