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■ This article presents and discusses the methodological issues arising in a project on the advent, diffusion and integration of Finnish television over its 50-year history. The study uses oral history, in the form of written reminiscences, to explore the changing role of television in the life of Finns. This social historical study combines methods of ethnographic television audience studies and oral history studies. This kind of approach is rarely used in media ethnography. It raises questions around themes such as the importance of context, the nature of narratives and coding methods. This article also summarizes how the project's data and methodology have served to produce a third generation media history study. ■

Der Beitrag präsentiert und erläutert die methodischen Aspekte eines Projekts, das sich mit dem Beginn, der Ausbreitung und der Integration des finnischen Fernsehens im Laufe seiner 50jährigen Geschichte befasst. Die Untersuchung setzt bei der Untersuchung der sich wandelnden Rolle des Fernsehens im Leben der Finnen auf Oral History in Form von schriftlichen Erinnerungen. Diese sozialgeschichtliche Studie kombiniert Methoden der ethnographischen Zuschauerforschung und der Zeitzeugenforschung. Dieser Ansatz wurde bislang nur selten in der Medienethnographie verfolgt. Er wirft Fragen auf zu Themen wie der Bedeutung von Kontexten, dem Wesen von Narrativen und zu Kodierungsmethoden. Der Bericht fasst zusammen, wie die Daten und das methodische Vorgehen des Projekts dazu geführt haben, eine dritte Generation medienhistorischer Forschung hervorzubringen. (UNübers.) (UN)

Multiculturalism is a controversial concept and a debated topic. To develop scientific analysis and inform political discussions, it is important to study how lay people evaluate it. Previous research has mostly regarded attitudes towards multiculturalism as unidimensional. This research often relies on the operationalisation offered by the Multicultural Ideology Scale (MIS), in which minorities' cultural maintenance and acceptance of cultural diversity are central. In this multimethod study, we take a critical perspective on such operationalisation and examine majority of Finns' responses to MIS in a survey and in focus group discussions. By approaching evaluation processes as social interaction, we challenge the unidimensionality assumption of attitudes towards multiculturalism. We show how cultural essentialism and nationalism are used in arguing for and against multiculturalism, and in negotiating its boundaries so that the majority can keep its dominant position. This conflicts with recognition and equality that are widely considered as cornerstones of multiculturalism. ; Peer reviewed

Among minority members, positive contact with the majority was previously found to improve not only the attitudes towards the majority but also the attitudes towards minority outgroups (the secondary transfer effect; STE). However, the role of negative intergroup contact and ingroups' social status in a receiving society in the development of the STE have not been yet examined. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the association between positive and negative contact with the national majority group (Finns) and mutual attitudes among high-status Estonian (n = 171) and low-status Russian (n = 180) immigrants in Finland. Two mediators of the STE were tested: attitudes toward the majority (attitude generalisation) and collective self-esteem (diagonal hostility). While positive and negative STEs emerging via attitude generalisation were expected to occur among both immigrant groups, the mediating effect of collective self-esteem was assumed only for members of the low-status group. Among members of both groups, the relationship between positive contact with majority members and attitudes towards the other immigrant group was positive and indirect, and occurred through more favourable attitudes towards majority members. The same mechanism was followed by negative contact, where the indirect effect was mediated by less positive attitudes towards Finns. As predicted, collective self-esteem mediated the effects of positive and negative contact with majority members on attitudes towards the other minority only among low-status Russian immigrants. The results call for the acknowledgement of different mechanisms underlying the development of the STE among minority groups enjoying different social status in host society. ; Peer reviewed

This survey study utilized a person-oriented approach to explore the patterns of socio-political integration among Russian-speaking minority group members in three neighboring countries in the Baltic area: Estonia (n = 482), Finland (n = 252), and Norway (n = 215). Three profiles were obtained in all countries: critical integration, separation, and assimilation. In the whole sample, critical integration was the most common acculturation profile. After the profiles were established, they were examined vis-a-vis citizenship and integration context to see, whether and to what extent, the objective (i.e., citizenship) and subjective (i.e., perceived social status and sense of belonging) socio-political integration of Russian-speakers corresponded with each other. Critical integration and separation were the most common profiles among participants holding national citizenship of the country of residence, while foreign citizenship was not related to any specific profile. Separation was rare among participants holding dual citizenship, but it was the most common profile among participants with undetermined citizenship. Also, intergroup context was associated with socio-political integration: critical integration and separation were the most common profiles of Russian-speakers in Estonia, critical integration and assimilation profiles in Finland, and assimilation profile in Norway. The results are discussed in relation to previous variable-oriented research and official integration policies of the countries studied. ; Peer reviewed

In this study, we investigated how perceived ethnic discrimination is related to attitudes towards the national majority group and willingness to confront injustice to promote the social standing of a minority group. We examined this relationship via two mediating factors; national (dis)identification from and out-group (dis)trust of the national majority group. The Rejection-Disidentification Model (RDIM) was refined, first, to account for willingness to confront injustice as a consequence of perceived rejection, and second, intergroup (dis)trust was examined as an additional mediating mechanism that can explain attitudinal and behavioural reactions to perceived rejection simultaneously with national disidentification. The model was tested in a comparative survey data of Russian-speaking minority in Estonia (N = 482), Finland (N = 254), and Norway (N = 219). In all three countries, the more Russian-speakers identified as Russians and the more they perceived ethnic discrimination, the more negative were their attitudes toward the national majority groups and the more willing they were to engage in action to confront group-based injustice. Whereas disidentification from and distrust of national majority group accounted for the discrimination-attitude link to a large extent, both factors had demobilizing effects on willingness to confront injustice, making Russian-speaking immigrants more passive but hostile. The findings are discussed in relation to the risks involved in politicization of immigrants struggling with perceived inequalities. ; Peer reviewed