Public attitudes towards the free movement of workers in the European Union vary substantially between countries and individuals. This paper adds to the small but growing research literature on this issue by analysing the role of national welfare institutions. We investigate the relationship between the degree of 'institutional reciprocity' in national systems of social protection and attitudes to EU labour immigration across 12 European countries. We do not find evidence of an effect of institutional reciprocity on opposition to EU labour immigration among the public at large. However, institutional reciprocity appears to matter for economically vulnerable groups. We identify an interaction effect indicating that higher degrees of institutional reciprocity in national social protection systems, and in unemployment insurance systems specifically, are associated with lower levels of opposition to EU labour immigration among unemployed people. Hence, reciprocity in welfare state institutions appears to shield free movement from opposition, at least among vulnerable groups.
We present charged-particle distributions sensitive to the underlying event, measured by the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, in low-luminosity Large Hadron Collider fills corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.6 nb−1. The distributions were constructed using charged particles with absolute pseudorapidity less than 2.5 and with transverse momentum greater than 500 MeV, in events with at least one such charged particle with transverse momentum above 1 GeV. These distributions characterise the angular distribution of energy and particle flows with respect to the charged particle with highest transverse momentum, as a function of both that momentum and of charged-particle multiplicity. The results have been corrected for detector effects and are compared to the predictions of various Monte Carlo event generators, experimentally establishing the level of underlying-event activity at LHC Run 2 energies and providing inputs for the development of event generator modelling. The current models in use for UE modelling typically describe this data to 5% accuracy, compared with data uncertainties of less than 1%. ; ATLAS Collaboration, for complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/JHEP03(2017)157 We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support sta from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated eciently.We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq andFAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOSTand NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR,Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France;GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong KongSAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS,Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN,Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF,South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSFand Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC,United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groupsand members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC,Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC,ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partagerle Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeiaprogrammes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel;BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana,Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. JHEP03(2017)157The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully,in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF(Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF(Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (U.K.) and BNL(U.S.A.), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in ref. [44].
