Suchergebnisse

UUD 1945 mengalami perubahan sebanyak empat kali merespon reformasi pada tahun 1998 yang lahir akibat kesewenang-wenangan pemerintahan pada masa orde baru. Kesewenang-wenangan tersebut lahir akibat kekuasaan yang terlalu besar pada kekuasaan eksekutif (executive heavy). Perubahan UUD 1945 yang menghendaki adanya mekanisme check and balances dalam bingkai paham konstitusionalisme melahirkan sebagai lembaga baru diantaranya adalah mahkamah Konstitusi. Mahkamah Konstitusi yang memiliki kewenangan menguji undang undang terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar memiliki kekuasaan otoritatif untuk menafsirkan UUD 1945. Kekuasaan besar tersebut pada prakteknya dijalankan tidak dengan paham konstitusionalisme sehingga dalam beberapa putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi memiliki kekuasaan yang begitu besar untuk menentukan kebijakan negara. Politik hukum Mahkamah Konstitusi memiliki kekuasaan yang begitu besar untuk menentukan kebijakan negara. Politik hukum Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam menjalankan penafsiran terhadap konstitusi justru mengarahkan struktur ketatanegaraan Indonesia kearah juristocracy.

Abstrak "(the courts) becoming themselves the "third giant" to control the mastodon legislator and the leviathan administrator" (Mauro Capplletti) Pranata judicial review berkembang di banyak negara sebagai bentuk pengawasan dari kekuasaan yudikatif terhadap cabang kekuasaan lainnya, termasuk kekuasaan Pemerintahan. Judicial review juga menjadi perlindungan hukum yang efektif bagi warga Negara yang terlanggar haknya oleh tindakan penguasa. Pengujian ini berkembang dengan cara dan kelembagaan yang berbeda di Negara yang tradisi common law dengan civil law. Di Indonesia judicial review terhadap tindakan Pemerintah dilakukan oleh Mahkamah Agung dan badan peradilan di bawahnya serta oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi tergantung kepada jenis tindakan Pemerintah yang diuji. Pranata judicial review di Indonesia berkembang baik dengan pembaharuan peraturan perundang-undangan maupun putusan pengadilan. Abstract Judicial review institution has developed in many countries as judicial instrument to monitor other branches, including executive branches. Judicial review has become effective legal protection for citizens whose rights have been violated by authorites act. This form of review have been developing by different ways and model in countries with common law and civil law traditions. In Indonesia, judicial review of government action carried out by the Supreme Court and judicial bodies underneath, and by the Constitutional Court depends on the nature of government action reviewd. Judicial review institutions in Indonesia have been developing by constitution and statutory development, and court"s jurisprudence.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that are significant in contributing to the per capita income growth of countries that are experiencing or have experienced the lower-middle and upper-middle income traps.


Design/methodology/approach
The study comprises 85 countries over the period 1960 to 2017 spanning across three income groups: lower-middle, upper-middle and high. A panel data structure was used to run a fixed effect and random effect estimation on three models of income groups. The Hausman specification test, which was used for further statistical fitness, confirmed the appropriateness of fixed effect over the random in explaining the estimation of factor variables.


Findings
The results show that unemployment is a pervasive problem that negatively affect countries at all income levels. Foreign direct investment and population of dependents are associated with economic progression of countries that have experienced or are experiencing the lower-middle income trap. Furthermore, rising income inequality and foreign aid assistance are detrimental to countries that have experienced or are experiencing the upper-middle income trap. Moreover, income inequality, disproportionate urban population and rising dependent population are damaging for high income countries that never experienced any of the middle-income traps. Conversely, openness to trade, inflation and exchange rate volatility had limited capacity in explaining growth dynamics.


Research limitations/implications
This study could not incorporate geopolitical, demographic, geographical and other such exogenous factors, which could have episodes of influences on the economic development of countries. These were outside the study's realm of quantitative analysis.


Originality/value
This paper contributes to existing literature by providing an empirical cross-sectional comparative analysis of countries belonging to different income groups. The prevailing literature lacks such a cross-tabulated presentation of factors affecting countries that avoided the middle income trap and those that could not.

This article analyzes the Iranian Green Movement's websites for promotion of their cultural and political struggle against the Islamic Republic of Iran's oppressive policies. It analyzes the website contribution in four different conditions that establish the movement: the alternative forms of information, culture and meaning production and dissemination for representation and reconstruction of collective identity, the networking and developing of alliance and solidarity between oppositional movement's activists, the organization and mobilization of public demonstration, and the direct expression of political protests. The goals of the study are to illustrate ways in which the Internet is utilized by the Iranian oppositional movement activists to promote and advance their cultural and political struggles. Toward this end, Roland Barthes's visual semiotic approach has been deployed to analyze the Iranian oppositional movement's websites and texts. Findings of the study show that the Internet or websites have being extensively used by the Iranian Green Movement's activists for the promotion of the alternative forms of information, culture and meanings for representation and reconstruction of collective identity, the organization and mobilization of public demonstration, the networking and development of alliance and solidarity between oppositional movement's activists and the direct expression of political protests. But, the Iranian Green Movement activists do not used full potential of the internet and website for promotion of their political struggles. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n2s1p113

Conflict Resolution in Natural Resources and Teritorial Disputes 'could' mediate without any intervention from International Commitee, however that process ultimately oriented to empower legal mechanisms other than court proceedings. Thus, expected does happen to win-lose solution if it occurs when a problem is always brought to court. Most of the natural resource conflicts and territorial disputes that existed today are not only come from the interests but also the influence of our historical background, and as civilized person we should avoid any disrupted action between the parties that involved in the natural resources conflicts and territorial disputes and had to have consulted all issues together, instead use of Military Power to Solve the problems.

This study discusses the policy implementation by Indonesia regarding the sinking of illegal fishing vessels towards Indonesia's bilateral relations with Malaysia, especially those that occurred in Tarakan and Nunukan. Many losses from illegal fishing by neighboring countries made the President of Indonesia, through the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, took a firm stance regarding the rules of ship sinking to the accused ships that have been proven doing illegal fishing in the Indonesian sea. The Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries together with relevant agencies helped implement the policy which had an impact on the relationship between Indonesia and Malaysia. In this case, Malaysia is still in third place after Vietnam and the Philippines in the data on the number of vessels destroyed by the Indonesia. Malaysia is also the country with the fifth largest fish commodity production in Southeast Asia whereas fish consumption in Malaysia is ranked first in the region. Thus, the country faces obstacles in fulfilling the need for fish faced with Indonesian policies in addressing illegal fishing arrests by foreign countries. By qualitative methods, this research reveals the background of the existence and implementation of policies for the sinking of illegal fishing vessels and the impact of these policies on the Malaysian state. International system pressure, state power and other theories were used to help carry out this research. As a result, this study provides an overview of the relationship between Indonesia and Malaysia after the enactment of the policy. First, the Malaysian increase their fish trade and sea safeguard with Indonesia, both in the designated sea area and the gray area. Second, the government of Malaysia adopted the sinking ships method due to its mechanism that is considered effective and efficient in creating detterence effect. Third, both countries agreed to release poor or small fishermen who carry out IUU Fishing made between the President of Indonesia and the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

This study discusses the policy implementation by Indonesia regarding the sinking of illegal fishing vessels towards Indonesia's bilateral relations with Malaysia, especially those that occurred in Tarakan and Nunukan. Many losses from illegal fishing by neighboring countries made the President of Indonesia, through the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, took a firm stance regarding the rules of ship sinking to the accused ships that have been proven doing illegal fishing in the Indonesian sea. The Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries together with relevant agencies helped implement the policy which had an impact on the relationship between Indonesia and Malaysia. In this case, Malaysia is still in third place after Vietnam and the Philippines in the data on the number of vessels destroyed by the Indonesia. Malaysia is also the country with the fifth largest fish commodity production in Southeast Asia whereas fish consumption in Malaysia is ranked first in the region. Thus, the country faces obstacles in fulfilling the need for fish faced with Indonesian policies in addressing illegal fishing arrests by foreign countries. By qualitative methods, this research reveals the background of the existence and implementation of policies for the sinking of illegal fishing vessels and the impact of these policies on the Malaysian state. International system pressure, state power and other theories were used to help carry out this research. As a result, this study provides an overview of the relationship between Indonesia and Malaysia after the enactment of the policy. First, the Malaysian increase their fish trade and sea safeguard with Indonesia, both in the designated sea area and the gray area. Second, the government of Malaysia adopted the sinking ships method due to its mechanism that is considered effective and efficient in creating detterence effect. Third, both countries agreed to release poor or small fishermen who carry out IUU Fishing made between the President of Indonesia and the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

Abstrak -- Pada tahun 2017, Provinsi DKI Jakarta berada pada tahun politik dengan adanya Pemilukada yang menyebabkan polemik atas fenomena reklamasi Teluk Jakarta tereskalasi. Hal tersebut tidak terlepas dari adanya peran media dalam menggiring opini publik dan juga kebijakan pemerintah terhadap fenomena tersebut. Revolusi Industri 4.0 juga menyebabkan media mulai beralih dari cetak menjadi media daring berupa website portal berita yang dapat diakses dengan mudah dan bersifat real-time. ANTARA News dan Republika Online merupakan media daring yang dipilih sebagai objek dikarenakan kedua media tersebut memiliki sikap yang berbeda dalam menyikapi fenomena reklamasi Teluk Jakarta. Observasi teks berita dilakukan pada waktu traffic pemberitaan tertinggi di tahun 2017, kemudian dengan wawancara dengan narasumber terkait serta studi dokumen. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus dan analisis isi, serta menggunakan triangulasi teknik. Analisis menggunakan 2 (dua) teori utama yakni Agenda Setting serta Konsep Sekuritisasi dan didukung beberapa teori tambahan. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa media daring portal berita yang diteliti memiliki perbedaan Agenda Setting yang menyebabkan adanya perbedaan warna berita yang dikeluarkan di tahun 2017. Pemberitaan tersebut berdampak pada keamanan nasional Indonesia yakni pada sektor penggolongan ancaman, selain itu juga memberikan rekomendasi bagi kedua media daring untuk memperhatikan kaidah keamanan nasional agar pemberitaan yang dikeluarkan mampu mendukung stabilitas keamanan nasional.Kata Kunci: reklamasi teluk jakarta, pemberitaan, media daring, keamanan nasional Abstract -- In 2017, DKI Jakarta Province had been on It's political year due to the Governor Election which was escalating the polemics on Jakarta Bay reclamation. Those issues were inseparable from the role of media which lead public opinions and also the government policies about the phenomenon. Industrial revolution 4.0 makes media changes it's platform from printing to website of news portal which gives easy access to the news and also provides real-time information. ANTARA News and Republika Online were selected as object of the reaserch for their different positions on reporting Jakarta Bay recalamation. This research was conducted by observing the online news at the highest news traffic time in 2017, then by conducting interviews with persons who are related to the issue and also do the document studies. The method used in this reasearch is qualitative with a case study approach and content analysis, as well as using technical triangulation. The analysis uses 2 (two) main theories, Agenda Setting and Concept of Securitization and supported by several additional theories. The results of the research stated that the online media news portal studied had a different Agenda Setting which caused a difference in the nuance of the news issued in 2017. The news had an impact on Indonesia's national security, to classify the different threats to national security. Also this research provides recommendations for both online media to pay attention to the rules so that the news released could support national security stability.Keywords: jakarta bay reclamation, news report, online media, national security

Abstrak -- Sengketa investasi PT. Surya Persada Lestari dengan masyarakat Kota Padang telah berlangsung dari tahun 2013 dan hingga penelitian ini selesai dilaksanakan belum juga ada penyelesaiannya. Permasalahan penelitian yaitu tentang sengketa antara PT. Surya Persada Lestari dengan masyarakat Kota Padang dan penyelesaian sengketa PT. Surya Persada Lestari dengan masyarakat Kota Padang guna menjaga stabilitas keamanan wilayah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika sengketa dan penyelesaian sengketa PT. Surya Persada Lestari dengan masyarakat Kota Padang guna menjaga stabilitas keamanan wilayah. Data diperoleh dari observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi kemudian dianalisis dengan teknik analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sengketa terjadi karena masing-masing pihak memiliki perbedaan dalam memenuhi kepentingan masing-masing. Penyelesaian sengketa beberapa kali dilakukan dengan dialog atas inisiatif dari masyarakat dan diakomodir oleh pemerintah kota, namun tidak berjalan dengan baik karena masyarakat menginginkan untuk berdialog langsung dengan CEO Lippo Grup, James Riady. Mediasi pernah dilakukan dengan Ismail Ning selaku chairman dari PT. Surya Persada Lestari, namun mediasi tidak berjalan dengan baik karena masyarakat meinginkan bukti tertulis yang menyatakan kepemilikan Ismail Ning atas PT. Surya Persada Lestari dan Padang Landmark. Kesimpulan sengketa PT. Surya Persada Lestari dengan masyarakat Kota Padang perlu adanya mediasi ulang yang menghadirkan semua pihak (CEO Lippo Grup, PT. Surya Persada Lestari, Pemko Padang, ormas Islam dan tungku tigo sajarangan) agar menjelaskan semua permasalah yang dipertentangkan dan secara bersama-sama mencoba mencari kemungkinan penyelesaian serta kesepakatan yang memuaskan masing-masing pihak.Kata kunci: penyelesaian sengketa, surya lersada lestari, padang Abstract -- Dispute investment of PT. Surya Persada Lestari with the people of the City of Padang has been going on from 2013 and until the research was completed, there was also no solution. The research problem is about the dispute between PT. Surya Persada Lestari with the people of Padang City and PT. Surya Persada Lestari with the people of Padang City to maintain regional security stability. This study use qualitative method. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of disputes and dispute resolution of PT. Surya Persada Lestari with the people of Padang City to maintain regional security stability. Data obtained from observation, interviews, and documentation studies were then analyzed by qualitative analysis techniques. The results of the study indicate that disputes occur because each party has differences in meeting their respective interests. Dispute resolution has been carried out several times with dialogue at the initiative of the community and accommodated by the city government, but it has not gone well because the community wants to have a direct dialogue with the Lippo Group CEO, James Riady. Mediation has been done with Ismail Ning as chairman of PT. Surya Persada Lestari, but the mediation did not go well because the public wanted written evidence stating Ismail Ning's ownership of PT. Surya Persada Lestari and Padang Landmark. Conclusion of PT. Surya Persada Lestari with the people of Padang City needs a repeat mediation that presents all parties (CEO of Lippo Group, PT. Surya Persada Lestari, Pemko Padang, Islamic organizations and tigo sajarangan stoves) to explain all the issues in dispute and jointly try to find possibilities settlement and agreement that satisfies each party.Keywords: disputes resolution, surya persada lestari, padang

Abstrak -- Tindak pidana korupsi di lingkungan Tentara Nasional Indonesia dikategorikan sebagai extraordinary crime (kejahatan luar biasa) tidak hanya merugikan keuangan dan perekonomian negara saja tetapi berdampak negatif pada pembinaan satuan dan Prajurit TNI serta mempengaruhi pencapaian tugas pokok dan integritas TNI secara menyeluruh. Pemberantasan Tipikor di lingkungan TNI sebagai ujung tombaknya terletak pada aparat penegak hukum yang menjalankan Sistem Peradilan Militer terdiri dari : Hakim Militer, Polisi Militer dan Oditur Militer dengan dasar hukum Undang-undang RI nomor 31 tahun 1997 tentang Peradilan Militer. Penelitian ini dirancang guna memperoleh pemahaman tentang koordinasi dalam pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi untuk penguatan Sistem Peradilan Militer. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis pelaksanaan koordinasi antar Penegak Hukum dan faktor-faktor penghambat penerapan Undang-undang Tipikor di lingkungan TNI serta upaya pembenahan Sistem Peradilan Militer untuk memeriksa dan mengadili perkara tindak pidana korupsi yang dilakukan oleh Prajurit TNI. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif. Data diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara dan studi kepustakaan. Teknik analisis data dilakukan bersamaan dengan pengumpulan data saat peneliti berada di lapangan, analisis data menggunakan analisis model Miles dan Huberman. Lokasi penelitian di wilayah Jakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) penyelesaian perkara tipikor berupa koordinasi antar instansi Penegak Hukum khususnya unsur penyidik belum berjalan optimal yang mengakibatkan lambatnya penyelesaian perkara tipikor di Pengadilan Militer sebagai institusi terakhir dalam penyelesaian perkara tipikor 2) strategi yang dilakukan sebagai upaya pemberantasan tipikor untuk penguatan Sistem Peradilan Militer yaitu: koordinasi yang sinergis antar lembaga penegak hukum, mengoptimalkan fungsi pengawasan dan pengendalian Dansatker dan Kinerja Inspektorat tiap Matra/Kotama/Balakpus, mengefektifkan forum Komuniti Hukum serta meningkatkan integritas aparat dan pimpinan instansi penegak hukum. Kata Kunci: Strategi, Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi, Penguatan Sistem Peradilan Militer Absract -- Corruption acts that occur within the military / Indonesian National Armed Forces are categorized as extraordinary crime, not only detrimental to the state's finances and economy, but have a negative impact on the formation of TNI units and Soldiers and affect the achievement of the TNI's main duties and integrity as a whole. Eradication of Corruption in the TNI as the spearhead lies with law enforcement officers who run the Military Criminal Justice System consisting of: Military Judges, Military Police and Military Prosecutors using the legal basis of RI Law number 31 of 1997 concerning Military Justice. This study was designed to gain an understanding of the coordination to eradicate corruption to strengthen the Military Justice System. The aim of the research is to analyze the implementation of coordination between Law Enforcement and the factors that hinder the implementation of the Corruption Law within the TNI and the efforts to reform the Military Criminal Justice System to examine and hear cases of corruption committed by TNI Soldiers. This study uses a qualitative method. Data is obtained through observation, interviews and literature studies. More data analysis techniques were carried out simultaneously with data collection when researchers were in the field, analyzing data using the analysis of Miles and Huberman models. Research location in Jakarta area. The results of the study show that: 1) the completion of corruption cases in the form of coordination between Law Enforcement agencies, especially investigating elements, has not run optimally resulting in the slow completion of corruption cases in the Military Court as the last institution in the resolution of corruption cases. 2) strategy eradication of corruption criminal act for strengthening the Military Criminal Justice System namely: synergistic coordination between law enforcement agencies, optimizing the supervisory and control functions of the Chief of working unit and the Performance of the Inspectorate of each Matra / Kotama / Balakpus, streamlining the Legal Communities forum and improving the integrity of the apparatus and leaders of law enforcement agencies. Keywords: Strategy, Eradication of Corruption, Strengthening the Military Criminal Justice System

Abstrak -- Meningkatnya kualitas dan kuantitas serangan siber serta hadirnya tuntutan revolusi arsitektur keamanan informasi telah menjadi ancaman dan tantangan bagi pengembangan Kota Cerdas Makassar. Menjawab ancaman dan tantangan tersebut, penting bagi Pemerintah Kota Makassar untuk mengembangkan suatu strategi keamanan informasi yang mampu memberikan perlindungan terhadap data publik serta informasi kritis Kota Cerdas Makassar. Penelitian dilaksanakan menggunakan metodologi kualitatif dengan pendekatan grounded theory pada organisasi perangkat daerah yang merupakan suprastruktur kritis Kota Makassar, yaitu Dinas Perhubungan, Dinas Kesehatan, Dinas Pemadam Kebakaran dan Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Kota Makassar. Hasil penelitian menempatkan keamanan informasi sebagai kategori inti yang hanya dapat dicapai melalui kesiapan perangkat aturan (legalware) yang merupakan kondisi kausal pembentuk pengetahuan (knowledge) dan kesadaran keamanan informasi (information security awareness) dalam penyusunan program prioritas serta penyiapan dan pengembangan sistem Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaisance (C4ISR) Kota Cerdas Makassar yang menjadi dasar rumusan teori keamanan informasi Kota Cerdas Makassar.Kata Kunci: ruang siber, kota cerdas makassar, keamanan informasi, strategi Abstract – increasing quality and quantity of cyber attacks and the emergence of demand for the information security architecture revolution are a threat and a challenge for developing Smart City of Macassar. To answer these problems, it is important for the City Government of Macassar to develop an information security strategy which has a capability to protect public privacy data and critical information of Smart City Macassar. The research was conduct with a qualitative method using a grounded theory approach at the critical superstructure of Smart City Macassar, wich is the Department of Transportation, Department of Helth, Department of Fire Rescue and Department of Communication and Informatical. The result of research is information security as a core category which only creates by the readiness of the legal ware as a causal factor for forming knowledge and information security awareness in the preparations of priority program and development the systems of Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) of Smart City Macassar which became the basis of the formulation of Smart City Macassar's information security theory.Keywords: cyber space, smart city macassar, information security, strategy