Suchergebnisse

This book operates from the premise that linguistic identities are important because they make sense to people, are meaningful, and have an impact on the thinking and behaviour of individuals and groups, both overtly and covertly. The framework outlined here synthesises key works on linguistic identity and draws together insights from a range of disciplines, such as sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, discourse analysis, cognitive sciences, and social psychology. It investigates linguistic assertions of community identity in the multilingual context of the Kashmir region in India, by studying the dimensions of changing language roles and linguistic practices in relation to the process of creating and maintaining new linguistic identities under different circumstances. It examines the nature of changing language roles as a combination of several linguistic and extra-linguistic factors, which include script uncertainty, interlingual diglossia, language attrition, language policies of the state, collective attitudes towards language(s), corresponding speech communities, intergenerational transmission, and instrumental orientation, among others. It demonstrates that changes in role are principally motivated by various factors, which may lead to the demise of the distinct symbol and roots of the Kashmiri linguistic-cultural identity in favour of the non-native code, Urdu, which could emerge as the primary linguistic identity in the near future.

AbstractIn Bangladesh and globally, microcredit has been recognized as a key development tool in the alleviation of poverty. Many international development agencies and donor countries prioritize microcredit to alleviate poverty because of reported success stories of microcredit nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in mobilizing poor women to participate in incomegenerating activities. Microcredit NGOs construct success stories of alleviating poverty and gender equity in relation to the repayment rate, but little is known about how they deploy strategies to collect loan installments from borrowers. Using ethnographic data collected in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh, I examine how microcredit NGOs create unequal power relations between fieldworkers and borrowers to facilitate secure loan recovery. Reflecting on the women's experiences with microcredit programs, I demonstrate how these microcredit NGOs impose the provision of group liabilities, a 'forced choice,' upon the borrowers and how they socialize the borrowers into a culture of shaming to enforce repayment obligations. Instead of contributing to the development of norms of cooperation and solidarity that socially and economically empower the entire community, I argue that NGOs instead empower a group of female borrowers, serving their capitalistic interests, which often stimulates social conflict and negatively affects social solidarity.

'Social Justice' is the concern of moral philosophy and jurisprudence on the one hand, and of political philosophy on the other. Accordingly it is necessary to distinguish this term from two sets of terminology, namely, that of moral philosophy and jurisprudence, such as, distributive justice, natural justice, and that of political philosophy, such as, welfare state, socialism, etc. Adapted from the source document.

The study looked at the level of sustainable development, whether the institutional factors or often, the demographic changes over time, that might have an impact. The data was meticulously collected through 427 returned questionnaires among zakat recipients in eleven districts of Kedah, Malaysia, and it was thoroughly analysed using Partial Least Square – Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). This study found that the asnaf receives very minimum assistance and that can hardly empower them. Accordingly, it's imperative that the fund needs to be geared towards long term productive use. The results support that the institutional contributory performance (ICP) having a positive effect, and the level of sustainable development of zakat recipients (SDZR) do increase after receiving zakat, but there are issues that need careful addressing. The study further examined the moderating role of demographic factors, such as earnings, age, marital status and gender, and witnessed that after zakat, all parameters improved, though individual moderating variables yet to show any significance. The study initiated a newer dimension through incorporating before-zakat and after-zakat scenarios in examining the comparative impact on SDZR, and likewise understanding the recipient's level of Islamic self-actualisation.