Suchergebnisse

Pada awal mula, agama islam yang dibawa bawa oleh para pedagangGujarat dan China hanya sebatas dianut oleh para pedagang dankeluarganya saja. Namun lambat laun udara islam mulai masuk padarelung social pendudukan pribumi. Mulai dari pendekatan ilmu kesehatan(tabib), kesenian, keperkasaan (adu tarung), dan perkawinan saudagarislam dengan para pribumi.Dari sinilah di Indonesia islam bermula tidak hanya dikenal sebagaiagama yang berisi nilai patuhan kepada Tuhan akan tetapi nilai-nilai social(yang islami) juga mulai diperkenalkan.Dari hasil peleburan dengan budaya Indonesia, hingga sekarangislam mengisi seluruh aspek social Indonesia. Dalam sejarah agama islamdan hal keislamannya memberikan sungbansih yang sangat besarterhadap kemajuan bangsa Indonesia. Tidak terhitung sejak zamankerajaan sampai pasca kemerdekaan tidak terlepas dari peran tokohtokoh muslim yang membawa nilai agama islam.Oleh sebab itu, disini mau melihat pendidikan islam di Indonesia danperkembangnnya mulai sebelum kemerdekaan dan setelah kemerdekaandilihat dari sosio-historisnya. Karena menurut para ahli sejarah,pendidikan islam adalah salah satu penndidikan tertua di Indonesiadengan model yang khas dan menjadi salah satu pendidikan yangdisahkan oleh negara. Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui keberadaansocial-politik bagaimana proses pendidikan islam diakui oleh Negarahingga dapat dirasakan saat ini.

This research is a technical study of the existence of Kuala Namu Airport in Deli Serdang Regency which is surrounded by Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). MSMEs need to understand socio-economic mapping as a driving force for the development of Deli Serdang Regency and can play an important role in the existence of Kuala Namu Airport. This concept can be used as an indicator to provide useful solutions in increasing outputs and outcomes. The method used is a qualitative method which is transferred into a quantitative method to map the general potential of them around Kuala Namu Airport as many as 34 MSMEs. From the research results, the main problems of marketing in the Covid 19 pandemic era need to be resolved comprehensively and need assistance from the Government to conduct entrepreneurship training and business promotion based on go international

The objectives of this research are: (1) to analyze the market structure of subsidizedfertilizer in East Java, (2) to analyze the need of subsidized fertilizer which should beallocated to their farms, (3) to observe the deviation, if any, of subsidized fertilizerdistribution along the distribution channel.This research found that the market struc-ture has the following characteristics: the access of market information is generallyquite even among distributors at the same level but not between different level. Fromthe market conduct point of view, it is found that there are rent seeking behaviorsresulting in some deviation in distribution channel as mentioned above. It is the resultof market structure being characterized by oligopolistic in nature. Such market struc-ture and conducts result in the level of fertilizer prices far above the highest retailprice set by the government, but farmers are forced to buy because they are in emer-gency need.Keywords : Fertilizer, rent-seeking, oligopoly, scarcity

Marriage registration is important in marriages in Indonesia because it can have legal consequences for those who carry out marriages. This study discusses the form of negligence of marriage registration in underage marriages in Gorontalo District and the legal consequences that occur due to negligence of marriage registration in age marriages in Gorontalo Regency. This research is a field research with a juridical and sociological approach. The collection of data in the form of observations at the study site, interviews with employees of the Office of Religious Affairs, parents and underage marriages with 182 respondents, as well as literature review. The results showed: First, the form of negligence in the registration of marriages in Gorontalo Regency, namely the negligence of parents, the negligence of children and the negligence of marriage registration officers; Second, due to the legal consequences caused by negligence in registering underage marriages in Gorontalo District, namely the legality of child marriages, divorce is easy, rejection of marriage dispensation, repeating the marriage contract and marriage without the presence of government officials. ; Pencatatan perkawinan menjadi sesuatu hal yang penting dalam perkawinan di Indonesia dikarenakan dapat menimbulkan akibat hukum kepada pihak-pihak yang melaksanakan perkawinan. Penelitian ini mendiskusikan tentang bentuk kelalaian pencatatan nikah pada perkawinan di bawah umur di Kabupaten Gorontalo dan akibat hukum yang terjadi akibat adanya kelalaian pencatatan nikah pada perkawinan umur di Kabupaten Gorontalo, Penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan dengan menggunakan pendekatan yuridis dan sosiologis. Pengumpulan datanya berupa pengamatan di lokasi penelitian, wawancara dengan para pegawai Kantor Urusan Agama, para orangtua dan pelaku pernikahan di bawah umur dengan jumlah 250 responden, serta kajian kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: Pertama, bentuk kelalaian pencatatan perkawinan di Kabupaten Gorontalo, yaitu adanya kelalaian orang tua, adanya kelalaian anak dan adanya kelalaian petugas pencatat nikah; Kedua, akibat hukum yang ditimbulkan karena kelalaian pencatatan nikah di bawah umur di Kabupaten Gorontalo, yaitu legalitas anak hasil perkawinan, mudahnya terjadi perceraian, penolakan dispensasi nikah, pengulangan akad nikah dan perkawinan tanpa kehadiran aparat pemerintah.

This study performs parameter inference in a partial differential equations system of pulmonary circulation. We use a fluid dynamics network model that takes selected parameter values and mimics the behaviour of the pulmonary haemodynamics under normal physiological and pathological conditions. This is of medical interest as it enables tracking the progression of pulmonary hypertension. We show how we make the fluids model tractable by reducing the parameter dimension from a 55D to a 5D problem. The Delayed Rejection Adaptive Metropolis algorithm, coupled with constraint non‐linear optimization, is successfully used to learn the parameter values and quantify the uncertainty in the parameter estimates. To accommodate for different magnitudes of the parameter values, we introduce an improved parameter scaling technique in the Delayed Rejection Adaptive Metropolis algorithm. Formal convergence diagnostics are employed to check for convergence of the Markov chains. Additionally, we perform model selection using different information criteria, including Watanabe Akaike Information Criteria.

With a prevalence rate of 3.1%, Nigeria has a generalized HIV/AIDS epidemic. Like much other developing countries, Nigeria has to collaborate with development partners to fight the HIV/AIDS scourge. This review assesses the impact of foreign aid initiatives on the fight against HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. It examines Nigeria's capacity and willingness to independently own a sustainable provision of HIV/AIDS care in the country. This paper assesses the outcomes of the HIV/AIDS scheme. Our review indicates that foreign aid initiatives were responsible for the rapid scale-up in HIV/AIDS services and improvement in morbidity and mortality rates. While foreign aids have contributed to the reversal of both prevalence and incidence rates of HIV, donor funded initiatives have overstretched the workforce and the health systems thus diverting healthcare emphases towards specific disease intervention programmes. Evaluation of outcomes measures has consistently excluded viral load assessment, antiretroviral resistant testing and the provision of salvage regimen. Nigeria's budgetary allocation to the health sector is still very low, consequently, government willingness and commitment to the fight against HIV/AIDS is grossly inadequate. The HIV/AIDS programme is still donors dependent and often seen as "donor-agency things". The global aid initiatives have recorded a milestone achievement in the fight against HIV infections in Nigeria. While much is needed from the donor agencies, Nigeria must ensure deliberate commitment towards an independent ownership of HIV/AIDS scheme in Nigeria.

Introduction: Trachoma is the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide and is targeted for elimination by the year 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). The aim of our study was to provide baseline data on trachoma for eight local government areas (LGAs) of Zamfara state, Nigeria to enable planning and control activities in affected communities.Materials and Methods: A population‑based cross‑sectional survey was conducted in the selected LGAs between October 2010 and July 2011 using a two‑stage sampling with probability proportional to size. The WHO guidelines for trachoma control were used in planning the survey, while the risk factors assessment was based on a recommendation from another WHO publication.Results: Trachomatous inflammation – follicular prevalence in children 1–9 years was 0.04–18%; while trachomatous trichiasis (TT) prevalence in persons ≥ 15 years was 0–1.4% across the LGAs. Access to improved water sources was worst (>40%) in Bakura and Maradun LGAs. Latrine accessibility was the highest (64%) in Bakura and Bukkuyum LGAs. Awareness of trachoma as a disease was 7–92% across the LGAs, whereas knowledge of trachoma prevention is poor (1–8%). Chi‑square analysis shows access to latrine, knowledge of trachoma as a disease, and its prevention was significantly protective for active disease (odds ratio [OR] <1, P < 0.05). A regression analysis, however, showed that only access to latrine and knowledge of trachoma prevention remained significantly protective (OR < 1, P < 0.05).Conclusion: The risk factors for trachoma are endemic in the study areas, and active control measures are needed. The burden of the disease is, however, clustered with most LGAs having a low burden of both the active and blinding disease.Keywords: Conjunctivitis, Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020, Nigeria, trachoma, ultimate intervention goals

Seit der Rückkehr zur Zivilherrschaft 1999 scheint es in Nigeria ein Aufflackern von ethnisch und religiös motivierter Gewalt zu geben. Vor diesem Hintergrund organisierte die Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung zwei Ausbildungsworkshops für Medienpraktiker. Ziel war es, die Journalisten zu Selbstreflektion und Selbstkritik anzuhalten und eine Berichterstattung zu fördern, die Spannungen abbaut und Krisen nicht verschärft. Der Band dokumentiert in zehn Kapiteln die Beiträge der Workshops. Sie thematisieren wesentliche Aspekte verantwortlicher Berichterstattung und analysieren das Spannungsverhältnis von Konflikt und Demokratie. (DÜI-Sbd)

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of trachoma in four Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Kogi State, Nigeria. Methods: In June 2014, we conducted population-based, cross-sectional surveys according to Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP) protocols in selected LGAs of Kogi State. In each LGA, 25 clusters were selected with probability proportional to size. In each of these clusters, 25 households were enrolled for the survey. All residents of selected households aged ≥1 year were examined by GTMP-certified graders for trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) and trichiasis using the simplified trachoma grading scheme. Data on sources of household water and types of sanitation facilities were collected through questioning and direct observation. Results: The age-adjusted TF prevalence in 1–9-year-olds ranged from 0.4% (95% CI 0.1–0.8%) in Bassa to 1.0% (95% CI 0.3–1.9%) in Omala. Across all four LGAs, only one case of trichiasis was found; this individual was in Omala, giving that LGA a trichiasis prevalence in individuals aged ≥15 years of 0.02% (95% CI 0.00–0.07%). Between 77 and 88% of households had access to water for hygiene purposes, while only 10–30% had access to improved sanitation facilities. Conclusion: Trachoma is not a public health problem in any of the 4 LGAs surveyed. There is, however, the need to increase access to adequate water and sanitation services to contribute to the health and social and economic well-being of these communities.

PurposeTo determine the prevalence of trachoma in four Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Kogi State, Nigeria.MethodsIn June 2014, we conducted population-based, cross-sectional surveys according to Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP) protocols in selected LGAs of Kogi State. In each LGA, 25 clusters were selected with probability proportional to size. In each of these clusters, 25 households were enrolled for the survey. All residents of selected households aged ≥1 year were examined by GTMP-certified graders for trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) and trichiasis using the simplified trachoma grading scheme. Data on sources of household water and types of sanitation facilities were collected through questioning and direct observation.ResultsThe age-adjusted TF prevalence in 1-9-year-olds ranged from 0.4% (95% CI 0.1-0.8%) in Bassa to 1.0% (95% CI 0.3-1.9%) in Omala. Across all four LGAs, only one case of trichiasis was found; this individual was in Omala, giving that LGA a trichiasis prevalence in individuals aged ≥15 years of 0.02% (95% CI 0.00-0.07%). Between 77 and 88% of households had access to water for hygiene purposes, while only 10-30% had access to improved sanitation facilities.ConclusionTrachoma is not a public health problem in any of the 4 LGAs surveyed. There is, however, the need to increase access to adequate water and sanitation services to contribute to the health and social and economic well-being of these communities.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of trachoma in four Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Kogi State, Nigeria. METHODS: In June 2014, we conducted population-based, cross-sectional surveys according to Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP) protocols in selected LGAs of Kogi State. In each LGA, 25 clusters were selected with probability proportional to size. In each of these clusters, 25 households were enrolled for the survey. All residents of selected households aged ≥1 year were examined by GTMP-certified graders for trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) and trichiasis using the simplified trachoma grading scheme. Data on sources of household water and types of sanitation facilities were collected through questioning and direct observation. RESULTS: The age-adjusted TF prevalence in 1-9-year-olds ranged from 0.4% (95% CI 0.1-0.8%) in Bassa to 1.0% (95% CI 0.3-1.9%) in Omala. Across all four LGAs, only one case of trichiasis was found; this individual was in Omala, giving that LGA a trichiasis prevalence in individuals aged ≥15 years of 0.02% (95% CI 0.00-0.07%). Between 77 and 88% of households had access to water for hygiene purposes, while only 10-30% had access to improved sanitation facilities. CONCLUSION: Trachoma is not a public health problem in any of the 4 LGAs surveyed. There is, however, the need to increase access to adequate water and sanitation services to contribute to the health and social and economic well-being of these communities.

Purpose: We sought to determine the prevalence of trachoma in each local government area (LGA) of Benue State, Nigeria. Methods: Two-stage cluster sampling was used to conduct a series of 23 population-based prevalence surveys. LGAs were the evaluation units surveyed. In each LGA, 25 households were selected in each of 25 clusters, and individuals aged 1 year and above resident in those households were invited to be examined for trachoma. Data on access to water and sanitation were also collected at household level. Results: A total of 91,888 people were examined from among 93,636 registered residents across the 23 LGAs. The LGA-level prevalence of trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) in 1–9 year olds ranged from 0.3% to 5.3%. Two LGAs had TF prevalences of 5.0–9.9%. The LGA-level prevalence of trichiasis in ≥15-year-olds ranged from 0.0% to 0.35%. Access to improved drinking water sources ranged from 0% in Gwer West to 99% in Tarka, while access to improved sanitation ranged from 1% in Gwer West to 92% in Oturkpo. Conclusion: There is a need for public health-level interventions against trachoma in three LGAs of Benue State.

PURPOSE: We sought to determine the prevalence of trachoma in each local government area (LGA) of Benue State, Nigeria. METHODS: Two-stage cluster sampling was used to conduct a series of 23 population-based prevalence surveys. LGAs were the evaluation units surveyed. In each LGA, 25 households were selected in each of 25 clusters, and individuals aged 1 year and above resident in those households were invited to be examined for trachoma. Data on access to water and sanitation were also collected at household level. RESULTS: A total of 91,888 people were examined from among 93,636 registered residents across the 23 LGAs. The LGA-level prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) in 1-9 year olds ranged from 0.3% to 5.3%. Two LGAs had TF prevalences of 5.0-9.9%. The LGA-level prevalence of trichiasis in ≥15-year-olds ranged from 0.0% to 0.35%. Access to improved drinking water sources ranged from 0% in Gwer West to 99% in Tarka, while access to improved sanitation ranged from 1% in Gwer West to 92% in Oturkpo. CONCLUSION: There is a need for public health-level interventions against trachoma in three LGAs of Benue State.