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THE APPROACH TO POLOTICS THROUGH SOCIAL BIOLOGY IS TRADITIONAL, BUT DISCREDITED BY THE RACIST AND FASCIST ASSOCIATIONS OF SOCIAL DARWINISM. HOWEVER, THERE IS A NEW VOGUE FOR DISCUSSION OF POLITICAL ADAPTIBILITY,USING THE IMPLIED BIOLOGICAL METAPHOR: THAT OF SOCIALLY ADAPTIVE ANINALS,RATHER THAN THAT OF INDIVIDUAL STRUGGLES FOR INDIVIDUALS SURVIVAL.

Originally published in 1958 at a time when many African and Asian nations were newly independent or going through the process of independence, this book sets out the facts and arguments which have to be considered in designing and running electoral systems. The book treats the problems of free elections in Africa and Asia objectively and uncontroversially, without pre-supposing any previous training in political science. The discussion of 'free elections' raises large issues about political norms and ideologies and about the working of political systems in different societies, and the book tackles these questions head on. The book gives a balanced account of the whole issue of elections, covering on the one hand qualifications and voting systems, and on the other hand less political' questions of administration and control, which are of equal importance in the working of an electoral system.

PROFESSOR LAZARSFELD ONCE REFERRED TO SOCIOLOGY AS BEING IN A sense a residuary legatee, the surviving part of a very general study, out of which specializations have successively been shaped.The same might be said of political science. In the West the first deliberate and reflective studies of political life were made in Greece at the end of the th century BC, and in the succeeding century. The histories of Herodotus and Thucydides, some of the pamphlets attributed to Xenophon, above all the normative and empirical studies of Plato and Aristotle were among the direct ancestors of contemporary political science. Parallel examples are to be found in the intellectual history of China, India and Islam. It seems that at certain stages in the development of great societies questions of legitimacy, power and leadership assume supreme importance; and intense intellectual effort, using the best analytical tools available, is devoted to the study of man as brought to a focus in the study of politics.