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The current state of knowledge about the neurodevelopmental sequelae of prenatal cocaine exposure is reviewed. Maternal cocaine use is associated with a number of other factors such as poor nutrition, inadequate prenatal care, and exposure to other substances, including alcohol and tobacco, that also affect neurodevelopmental outcome. The effects of postnatal maternal cocaine use on the mother's capacity to care for the infant as well as the association of cocaine use with more general environmental factors—for example, poverty, violence, neglect, and abuse—are discussed as important factors to consider when attempting to define whether or not prenatal cocaine exposure has specific and unique effects on the developing fetal brain. Six methodological problems commonly found in the literature on prenatal cocaine exposure are cited as issues to consider when attempting to evaluate the validity of currently available findings.

1.Introduction: Mothers in Focus --2.Maternal Care --3.Mother and Child Moving toward Independence --The First Three months --Four to (about) Eight Months --Nine to Eighteen Months --Becoming a Conversational Partner --Summary --4.The Relation between Maternal Care and Infant Development --The Impact of Postnatal Depression and Maternal Anxiety --5.Methodological Considerations in the Measurement of Maternal Care --6.Concluding Remarks --Notes --4.Novel Assessment Techniques Aimed at Identifying Proximal and Distal Environmental Risk Factors for Children and Adolescents

Families, communities and societies influence children's learning and development in many ways. This is the first handbook devoted to the understanding of the nature of environments in child development. Utilizing Urie Bronfenbrenner's idea of embedded environments, this volume looks at environments from the immediate environment of the family (including fathers, siblings, grandparents and day-care personnel) to the larger environment including schools, neighborhoods, geographic regions, countries and cultures. Understanding these embedded environments and the ways in which they interact is necessary to understand development

"This highly accessible book presents a new approach to treating men who use violence against their partners and/or children. The Fathers for Change (F4C) program has a unique focus on fostering fathers' accountability and reflective functioning, and repairing father-child relationships. Grounded in theory and research, it addresses a key need for parents who want to stay together or coparent successfully in the aftermath of violence, while prioritizing all family members' safety. Clinicians learn how to implement each component of F4C, from assessment to individual-focused work to coparent and family sessions, if appropriate. Illustrative case vignettes are featured throughout. An appendix provides 32 reproducible forms, worksheets, and handouts that can be downloaded (many in a fillable format) and printed as needed. "--

Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 "The Child" and Family Life at Midcentury -- 2 Thinking about Methods: Longitudinal Research and the Reorientation of the Postwar American Mental Sciences -- 3 The Longitudinal Study and Its Setting -- 4 The Right Place (and Persons) at the Right Time -- 5 Notes on Notes: Results of the Yale Longitudinal Study, as Evidence for History and Psychology -- 6 Archiving the Records of the Longitudinal Study of the Child -- 7 Selected Process Notes and Research Summaries from the Yale Longitudinal Study

Historically, there has been little integration of theoretical or applied research on addiction treatment and parenting intervention development. Rather, the fields of addiction and developmental research have progressed on largely separate trajectories, even though their focus powerfully and often tragically intersects each time a parent is diagnosed with a substance use disorder. Parenting and Substance Abuse is the first book to report on pioneering efforts to move the treatment of substance-abusing parents forward by embracing their roles and experiences as mothers and fathers directly and continually across the course of treatment. The chapters in this volume represent important new strides among researchers and clinicians to address and close the increasingly recognizable gap between addiction and developmental science. Chapters focus on current,state-of-the-art treatment models for parents, primarily pregnant and parenting women, including descriptions of innovative treatments currently being developed and evaluated that focus on parental addiction and the parent-child relationship within a developmental framework. Part I covers the theoretical understandingsof how addiction impacts the developmental processes of parenting. Part II discusses risk assessment, evaluation, and a variety of interventions and therapies. This unique volume will be of importance to clinicians, researchers, students, and trainees in the health professions who develop, implement, and evaluate interventions for parental addiction, including in well-baby clinics, primary care settings, pediatric clinics, and residential and outpatient drug treatment programs.

AbstractReunion behavior following stressful separations from caregivers is often considered the single most sensitive clue to infant attachment patterns. Extending these ideas to middle childhood/early adolescence, we examined participants' neural responses to reunion with peers who had previously excluded them. We recorded event‐related potentials among nineteen 11‐ to 15‐year‐old youth previously classified on attachment interviews (11 secure and 8 insecure‐dismissing) while they played a virtual ball‐toss game (Cyberball) with peers that involved fair play, exclusion and reunion phases. Compared to secure participants, dismissing participants displayed a greater increment in the N2 during reunion relative to fair play, a neural marker commonly linked to expectancy violation. These data suggest a greater tendency toward continued expectations of rejection among dismissing children, even after cessation of social exclusion. In turn, the link between self‐reported ostracism distress and neural signs of negative expectancy at reunion was moderated by attachment, such that self‐reports were discordant with the neural index of expectancy violation for dismissing, but not for secure children.A video abstract of this article can be viewed at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzoRel5c-4s.

AbstractInfant facial cues play a critical role in eliciting care and nurturance from an adult caregiver. Using an attentional capture paradigm we investigated attentional processing of adult and infant emotional facial expressions in a sample of mothers (n = 29) and non‐mothers (n = 37) to determine whether infant faces were associated with greater task interference. Responses to infant target stimuli were slower than adult target stimuli in both groups. This effect was modulated by parental status, such that mothers compared to non‐mothers showed longer response times to infant compared to adult faces. Both groups also responded more slowly to emotional faces, an effect that was more marked for infant emotional faces. Finally, it was found that greater levels of mothers' self‐reported parental distress was associated with less task interference when processing infant faces. These findings indicate that for adult women, infant faces in general and emotional infant faces in particular, preferentially engage attention compared to adult faces. However, for mothers, infant faces appear to be more salient in general. Therefore, infant faces may constitute a special class of social stimuli. We suggest that alterations in attentional processing in motherhood may constitute an adaptive behavioural change associated with becoming a parent.