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Bridging theory and practice, this book offers insights into how Europe has experienced the evolution of modern electricity markets from the end of the 1990s to the present day. It explores defining moments in the process, including the four waves of European legislative packages, landmark court cases, and the impact of climate strikes and marches. Leonardo Meeus explains the sequence of electricity markets in Europe from wholesale to balancing markets, forward transmission markets, capacity mechanisms, redispatching and flexibility markets. Chapters explore current issues including the new paradigm that places the citizen at the centre of the energy transition. Concluding that most of the market integration process in Europe so far has required horizontal coordination between transmission system operators in different countries, the book looks ahead to the importance of vertical coordination between the transmission and distribution. An invaluable book for energy policymakers and practitioners working in Europe, the solutions offered for contemporary issues will also be helpful for those working in international or multi-region electricity markets more widely. Academics involved in the world of electricity regulation will also find this an invigorating read. ; Contents: Introduction Part I – How to trade and transport electricity across national borders? 1. Why did we start with electricity markets in Europe? 2. Who gets the rights to trade across borders? 3. How to calculate border trade constraints? 4. Who pays for the network when trade is international? Part II – How to combine electricity trade with system security to keep the lights on? 5. Who is responsible for balancing the system? 6. How to organize system operation and connection requirements? 7. How to ensure adequate investment in power plants? Part III - How to put the citizen at the centre of the energy transition? 8. How to put the citizen at the centre of the energy transition? 9. Conclusion Index

The European Union (EU) market integration is leading to increasingly monopolistic electricity market infrastructures, which has opened a debate on the regulation of these so-called power exchanges. In this paper, we start by stating that there are two types of power exchanges in Europe, i.e. ''merchant'' and ''cost-of-service regulated'' power exchanges. We then discuss how regulation can be used to better align their incentives with the main power exchange tasks. We conclude that adopting the cost-of-service regulated model for all power exchanges in Europe could be counterproductive in the current context, but that regulation can help ensure that the benefits of the EU market integration materialize. Promising regulatory actions include tempering the reinforced market power of power exchanges, and quality-of-service regulation for the ongoing cooperation among power exchanges to organize trade across borders.

Interoperability in the context of smart electricity metering is high on the European policy agenda but its essence has been challenging to capture. In this paper, we look at experiences in other ecosystems (electromobility and buildings), other sectors (healthcare and public administration) and at the national level (the Netherlands and the UK). We show that the definition of interoperability depends on the context, that there are common solutions to different issues across sectors and that cross-sectoral factors must be increasingly considered. We recommend adopting a broader view in smart metering that goes beyond the interoperability of devices, considering solutions that have worked in other sectors and exploiting synergies across sectors. Our analysis of experiences provides a comparison that can help to move the debate at the EU level forward. ; We acknowledge financial support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 INTERRFACE project (grant agreement No 824330).

In this paper, we discuss the implementation of Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms (CRM) in the European Union (EU). We first illustrate that the costs of CRMs in the EU are significantly lower than in the US. Next, we discuss how the Clean Energy Package (CEP) intends to limit the future role of CRMs. Two steps are introduced to check if CRMs are really needed: a European resource adequacy assessment and a national implementation plan to improve current electricity market design. In case residual adequacy concerns persist, the CEP also includes provisions to guide the design of a CRM. Last, we discuss the role of the consumer in securing resource adequacy in the future.

The EU Clean Energy Package, proposed by the European Commission in November 2016, includes eight legislative texts on the electricity market and consumers, Energy Efficiency and Energy Efficiency of buildings, Renewables & bioenergy sustainability as well as governance of the Energy Union. They were all published in the Official Journal of the European Union by June 2019. In this report, we will focus on two of the eight legislative texts; the Directive on common rules for the internal market in electricity (e- Directive) and the Regulation on the internal market for electricity (e-Regulation). We will assess their impact on the European internal electricity market rules compared to the framework established by the Third Energy Package, including the first generation of network codes. In the different topics, we present the final versions of the CEP provisions and highlight the main differences compared to initial proposals of the Commission. The structure of this report follows the structure of the Clean Energy Package online course. The first section on Electricity Markets is 'Ensuring the internal market level playing field.' The second section on Electricity Grids is 'Adapting to the decentralization of the power system.' The third, on the New Deal, is 'Empowering customers and citizens.' Keywords: European regulation, public interventions in electricity prices, network tariffs, capacity mechanisms, network codes, bidding zones, interconnectors capacity, EV charging infrastructure, electricity storage, DSO planning, DSO active network management, procurement of flexibility services, TSO-DSO coordination, EU DSO entity, active customers, smart metering, dynamic pricing, aggregators, citizens energy communities.

The EU Clean Energy Package sets the EU energy efficiency and renewable energy ambitions for the 2030 horizon. It also updates the rules that govern the functioning of the internal electricity market and the transmission and distribution grids. The package, proposed by the European Commission in November 2016, includes 8 legislative proposals on the electricity market and consumers, Energy Efficiency and Energy Efficiency of buildings, Renewables & bioenergy sustainability as well as governance of the Energy Union. The Council agreed on its negotiating position for four legislative proposals of the EU Clean energy package in December 2017. For the different topics selected for this report, we will present the Commission proposals as well as the Council position included in the electricity Directive and Regulation. The positions of the different stakeholders of the EU electricity sector will also be stated at the end of each discussed topic.