Islam and democracy in Indonesia: tolerance without liberalism
In: Cambridge studies in social theory, religion and politics
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In: Cambridge studies in social theory, religion and politics
In: Politics, religion & ideology, Band 22, Heft 2, S. 231-253
ISSN: 2156-7697
In: Asian studies review, Band 43, Heft 3, S. 415-433
ISSN: 1467-8403
In: Perspectives on politics, Band 16, Heft 4, S. 1202-1203
ISSN: 1541-0986
In: International studies review, Band 20, Heft 4, S. 704-722
ISSN: 1468-2486
In: Politics and religion: official journal of the APSA Organized Section on Religion and Politics, Band 11, Heft 4, S. 863-883
ISSN: 1755-0491
AbstractHow do nonsecular democracies govern religion? Despite two decades of research on the many ways that church and state overlap in modern democracies, scholars lack an adequate answer to this question. Many consolidated democracies have a soft separation between church and state rather than a wall. These are not defective versions of democracy, but rather poorly understood institutional arrangements. To remedy this lacuna, this paper investigates institutional arrangements in six consolidated democracies with a soft separation between church and state: Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, India, Indonesia, and Switzerland. After describing the institutional workings of these states, the paper develops hypotheses for the origins of soft separation democracy as well as addressing the challenges of this form of government. The paper concludes by suggesting three other potentially fruitful lines of analysis as well as elucidating the implications of soft separation democracy for U.S. foreign policy.
In: Perspectives on politics, Band 16, Heft 1, S. 193-194
ISSN: 1541-0986
In: Perspectives on politics, Band 16, Heft 1, S. 189-191
ISSN: 1541-0986
In: Politics and religion: official journal of the APSA Organized Section on Religion and Politics, Band 10, Heft 4, S. 919-922
ISSN: 1755-0491
In: Comparative politics, Band 49, Heft 4, S. 561-581
ISSN: 2151-6227
In: South-East Asia research, Band 22, Heft 3, S. 359-378
ISSN: 2043-6874
In: Comparative studies in society and history, Band 56, Heft 3, S. 591-621
ISSN: 1475-2999
AbstractSince democratization, Indonesia has played host to a curious form of ethnic conflict: militant vigilante groups attacking a small, socially marginal religious sect called Ahmadiyah. While most scholars attribute the violence to intolerance by radicals on the periphery of society, this article proposes a different reading based on an intertwined reconfiguration of Indonesian nationalism and religion. I suggest that Indonesia contains a common but overlooked example of "godly nationalism," an imagined community bound by a shared theism and mobilized through the state in cooperation with religious organizations. This model for nationalism is modern, plural, and predicated on the exclusion of religious heterodoxy. Newly collected archival and ethnographic material reveal how the state's and Muslim civil society's long-standing exclusion of Ahmadiyah and other heterodox groups has helped produce the "we-feeling" that helps constitute contemporary Indonesian nationalism. I conclude by intervening in a recent debate about religious freedom to suggest that conflicts over blasphemy reflect Muslim civil society's effort to delineate an incipient model of nationalism and tolerance while avoiding the templates of liberal secularism or theocracy.
In: South East Asia Research, 22, 3, pp 359-378, 2014, DOI: 10.5367/sear.2014.0220
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In: Comparative Studies in Society and History, July 2014
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In: APSA 2011 Annual Meeting Paper
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Working paper