THE AUTHOR CITES NUMEROUS REASONS FOR THE "TEMPORARY" SILENCING OF IDEOLOGY IN GORBACHEV'S ERA: THIS LEADER'S DESIRE TO DISASSOCIATE HIMSELF FROM HIS PREDECESSOR AND THE FACT THAT THE IDEOLOGICAL LEGACY WHICH HE INHERITED, OF DEVELOPED SOCIALISM, HAS LITTLE RELEVANCE TO CONTEMPORARY CONDITIONS OR ABOUT HOW TO RESTUCTURE THE SOVIET SYSTEM. THE AUTHOR ALSO PROPOSES THAT, AS LONG AS THE COMMUNIST PARTY PURPORTS TO PLAY A LEADING ROLE IN SOVIET SOCIETY, SOMETHING AKIN TO IDEAOLOGY WILL BE REQUIRED TO JUSTIFY AND LEGITIMATE THE ONE-PARTY RULE. THE INCREASING SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NON-RUSSIAN REPUBLICS IS WEIGHED, AS POSSIBLE SCENARIOS OF FUTURE IDEOLOGIES ARE EVALUATED FOR THE SOVIET UNION, WITHIN A HISTORICAL CONTEXT.
Intro -- Preface -- 1 The Modernity of Nationalism. Nations, States and, Nation-States in the Contemporary World -- 2 Liberalism, Nationalism, and National Liberation Struggles -- 3 Inventing Invention. The Limits of National Identity Formation -- 4 Imagined Communities, Rational Choosers, Invented Ethnies -- 5 The Social Construction of Social Construction. Implications for Theories of Nationalism and Identity Formation -- 6 Why Is the "KGB Bar" Possible? Binary Morality and Its Consequences -- 7 Building Bridges and Changing Landmarks. Theory and Concepts in the Study of Soviet Nationalities -- 8 Negating the Negation. Russia, Not-Russia, and the West -- 9 Can Ukraine Have a History? -- 10 Should Ukraine Forget Its History? -- 11 The Holodomor and History. Bringing Ukrainians Back In -- 12 The Paradoxes of Paul Robert Magocsi. The Case for Rusyns and the Logical Necessity of Ukrainians -- 13 The Ukrainian Nationalist Movementand the Jews. Theoretical Reflections on Nationalism, Fascism, Rationality, Primordialism, and History -- 14 On Nationalism and Fascism -- 15 Putin's Russia as a Fascist Political System.
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Die folgenden Links führen aus den jeweiligen lokalen Bibliotheken zum Volltext:
The "national factor" and the logic of Sovietology / Gregory Gleason -- Soviet policies toward the non-Russian peoples in theoretic and historic perspective: what Gorbachev inherited / Walker Connor -- Ideology and the making of a nationalities policy / Ronald J. Hill -- Legitimations, nationalities, and the deep structure of ideology / Neil Harding -- Managing nationalism: state, law, and the national question in the USSR / John N. Hazard -- Elites and ethnic identities in Soviet and post-Soviet politics / Mark R. Beissinger -- The political police and the national question in the Soviet Union / Amy Knight -- Nations of the USSR: from mobilized participation to autonomous diversity / Theodore H. Friedgut -- Development and ethnicity in the Soviet Union / Zvi Gitelman -- Soviet economic structure and the national question / Richard E. Ericson -- Class, social structure, nationality / Walter D. Connor -- The end of Sovietology: from Soviet studies / Alexander J. Motyl
Nowadays, with the development of virtual space, it is evident that society is becoming more susceptible to content and models created online. Moreover, the boundary between the real world and the virtual world is slowly becoming blurred. Cyberspace creates advantageous conditions for development but is also a source of danger in all aspects of life. The purpose of this paper is to take a critical look at the use of VR technology and the analysis of the psychosocial consequences of its utilization. The article is a systematization of knowledge about the areas of use and opportunities offered by virtual reality, as well as the hazards it causes. The topics covered in the article address the psychosocial consequences of the use of virtual reality. It also focuses on analysing the influence of VR usage on the escalation of specific eating disorders.
AbstractIn 'The Disembodied Lady', neurologist Oliver Sacks recounts the case of Christina, a woman who suddenly lost her corporeal sense of self. This article uses this case as a metaphor for the state of women's history at the turn of the millennium. With the turn to discourse, even the so‐called 'lady' within the academy had become disembodied. As Christina mouthed to Sacks, however, to be disembodied is awful. The purpose of this article is to follow the more recent trend in scholarship that has sought to re‐embody the 'lady' of history. The article begins by tracing the development of women's history and how its subject, the 'lady', came to disappear. It then draws on the 'material' turn in feminist theory to consider the implications of this vanishing act by looking, first, to lived experience, and second, to materiality/discursive production. I argue that Women are not only a matter of language, but a matter of matter, and further, that matter itself must be re‐evaluated as agential and entangled with discourse. Finally, an example from my research on street walking in early‐twentieth‐century Vienna illustrates how to bring this new women's history to life.
Artykuł wykorzystuje kategorię czasu do opisu rzeczywistości edukacyjnej. Kategoria ta ma wielki potencjał, który wydaje się nie być wykorzystywany przez pedagogów. Tekst charakteryzuje formy strukturalizacji czasu przejawiane przez uczniów liceum w poszczególnych fizycznych przestrzeniach szkoły. Podstawą badań byłą koncepcja analizy transakcyjnej, stworzona przez Erica Berne'a w połowie XX wieku. W badaniach wykorzystano technikę zwaną mapowaniem, która pozwoliła na określenie transakcyjno-temporalnego profilu poszczególnych przestrzeni szkolnych.
Проаналізовано правові засади застосування захисних та антидемпінгових заходів Європейського Союзу у торгівлі з третіми країнами. З'ясовано зміст поняття «демпінг» у праві ЄС, праві СОТ та економічній теорії, визначено їх спільні та відмінні риси. Розглянуто такі ключові поняття, як експортуюча країна, нормальна ціна та демпінгова маржа. Визначені основні елементи правого режиму застосування антидемпінгових заходів у праві ЄС. Наголошено на аналізі регламенту 1225/2009. Розглянуто принципи тапідстави для запровадження антидемпінгових заходів, а також процедуру проведення антидемпінгових розслідувань та запровадження антидемпінгових мит. Визначено також умови зупинення Європейською Комісією антидемпінгових розслідувань без застосуваннязахисних заходів. Вивчено практику застосування антидемпінгових заходів Європейською комісією щодо українських підприємств, а також вплив Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС на проведення антидемпінгових розслідувань та застосування антидемпінгових заходів.Ключові слова: демпінг, тимчасові заходи, антидемпінгове розслідування, антидемпінгове мито, Угода про асоціацію. The article analyses legal foundations for application of trade defense and anti-dumping measures of European Union in trade with third countries. Three groups of such measures aredefined: anti-dumping measures, countervailing measures and safeguards. At the outset the author examines the content of the term «dumping» in the law of European Union, in the WTO Law and in the economic theory, he defines their common and distinctive features and comes to theconclusion that the meaning of the concept dumping in international law is different from the concept dumping in economic theory. The key distinctive features are: 1) the value of the good is below the normal value but not below prime costs; 2) existence of the injury or threat of the injury.Further he describes the meaning of such key terms as export country, normal price and dumping margin. The basic elements of the legal regime for application of anti-dumping measures in the EU Law are analyzed with special attention to the EU regulation 1225/2009. At the sametime the author stresses out that the anti-dumping regulation of the EU is based on the WTO law, but is more specific and more detailed.In this context the main principles and conditions for the introduction of anti-dumping measures and the procedure for conduct of anti-dumping investigations, as well as for introduction of anti-dumping tariffs are analyzed. As a rule anti-dumping measures might be introduced under following conditions:1) Existence of Dumping;2) Existence of material injury for EU industry;3) Casual link between dumping and injury;4) Introduction of such measures should be in line with aims of the EU;If there is no sufficient proof the European Commission cannot start investigation.Also the conditions for the termination by European Commission of anti-dumping investigations without introduction of trade defense measures are defined.Anti-dumping investigation can be terminated without introduction of anti-dumping measures under following conditions:1) Where the complaint is withdrawn2) Where, after consultation, the Commission comes to the conclusion that protective measures are unneccesary and there is no objection raised within the Advisory Committee;3) Where the dumping marging of individual exporter is below 2%.If the investigation finds out that all pre-conditions are fulfilled, the Council of the EU acting on a proposal submitted by the European Commission introduces a definite countervailing duty.Definite anti-dumping measures are imposed as a rule in the form of ad valor and specific custom duties for the period up to 5 years with the right for the review before it expires. Before the expiry of this period they can be reviewed under following conditions:- Change of circumstances;- Request of an importer for the reimbursement of duties collected;- New exporters-producers are requesting accelerated review.The measures will eхpire after five years if not prolonged.The Commission will pay a refund for duties collected if it is prooven that the dumping margine, on the basis of which the countervailing duty was imposed, was cancelled or reduced below the value of the countervailing duty imposed. These provisions are not applied in case ofintroduction of custom duties imposed in the framework of individual regimes based on Para. 4 of article 11 and Para. 6 of article 9, and Art. 17 of the Regulation.The practice of imposing anti-dumping measures by the European Commission against Ukrainian enterprises has been analyzed separately. The author points out that European Commission introduced anti-dumping measures quite often also against Ukrainian producers of seamlesspipes and tubes, steel robes and ironing boards. The imposed anti-dumping duties varied from 12,4% to 51,8%.In the conclusive part of the Article the impact of the Association Agreement between EU and Ukraine on the conduct of anti-dumping and unti-subsidy investigations as well as on introduction of anti-dumping measures is analyzed.The Agreement has confirmed the possibility of applying anti-dumping measures to be imposed on the basis of the Art. VI GATT and of the Agreement on implementation of Art. VI GATT The agreement provides Ukrainian producers with the possibility to initiate respectivinvestigations in case of unfair trade practice of EU producers in the cases when such trade practices cause or even threat to cause an injury to Ukrainian industry. The same rights enjoy also European producers. Effective implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraineand the EU will contribute to the increase the transparency of the process of initiation and conduct of anti-dumping investigations and introduction of anti-dumping duties.Keywords: dumping, provisional measures, anti-dumping investigation, anti-dumping tariff, Association Agreement.
