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Hauptbeschreibung Der Begriff Streitgegenstand ist eine Schöpfung der deutschen Prozessualisten zu dem Problem, worüber in einem Prozess verhandelt und entschieden wird. Auch wenn es viele unterschiedliche Theorien zur Streitgegenstandslehre gibt, ist diese ohne Zweifel ein Eckpfeiler des Zivilprozessrechts des germanischen Rechtskreises. Die Arbeit fokussiert sich auf die historische Entwicklung und rechtliche Grundlage der Lösungen zum Anspruchskonkurrenz- sowie Streitgegenstandsproblem, wobei der Schwerpunkt in der Darstellung sowie Analyse der gegenwärtigen Entwicklung im deutschen Recht und dem rechtstraditionellen sowie -kulturellen Hintergrund der deutschen Streitgegenstandslehre liegt.Die Rechtsentwicklung der Volksrepublik China wird seit langem vom deutschen Recht beeinflusst. Die Streitgegenstandstheorien in Deutschland und Europa sind von großer Bedeutung für die weitere Entwicklung des chinesischen Zivilprozessrechtes. Daher widmet sich diese Arbeit der Wissenschaftsrezeption und dem Aufbau einer geeigneten Streitgegenstandslehre für das chinesische Recht. Unter Berücksichtigung der Besonderheiten des chinesischen Prozessrechtssystems kommt der Autor zu dem Ergebnis, dass die einheitliche Anwendung einer verbesserten zweigliedrigen prozessualen Streitgegenstandstheorie empfehlenswert ist. Inhaltsverzeichnis Einführung1. Teil: Die historischen Grundlagen des StreitgegenstandsproblemsStreitgegenstandsproblem im römischen und gemeinen Recht2. Teil: Die institutionellen Grundlagen des StreitgegenstandsproblemsMateriellrechtlicher Anspruch - »Anspruchskonkurrenz in engerem Sinne« - Gegenstand des Zivilverfahrens3. Teil: Das Streitgegenstandsproblem in der Theorie und Praxis in DeutschlandDie klassischen Streitgegenstandslehren und ihre Anwendung - Neue Entwicklungstendenzen der Streitgegenstandslehre4. Teil: Die

Der Begriff Streitgegenstand ist eine Schöpfung der deutschen Prozessualisten zu dem Problem, worüber in einem Prozess verhandelt und entschieden wird. Auch wenn es viele unterschiedliche Theorien zur Streitgegenstandslehre gibt, ist diese ohne Zweifel ein Eckpfeiler des Zivilprozessrechts des germanischen Rechtskreises. Die Arbeit fokussiert sich auf die historische Entwicklung und rechtliche Grundlage der Lösungen zum Anspruchskonkurrenz- sowie Streitgegenstandsproblem, wobei der Schwerpunkt in der Darstellung sowie Analyse der gegenwärtigen Entwicklung im deutschen Recht und dem rechtstraditionellen sowie -kulturellen Hintergrund der deutschen Streitgegenstandslehre liegt. -- Die Rechtsentwicklung der Volksrepublik China wird seit langem vom deutschen Recht beeinflusst. Die Streitgegenstandstheorien in Deutschland und Europa sind von großer Bedeutung für die weitere Entwicklung des chinesischen Zivilprozessrechtes. Daher widmet sich diese Arbeit der Wissenschaftsrezeption und dem Aufbau einer geeigneten Streitgegenstandslehre für das chinesische Recht. Unter Berücksichtigung der Besonderheiten des chinesischen Prozessrechtssystems kommt der Autor zu dem Ergebnis, dass die einheitliche Anwendung einer verbesserten zweigliedrigen prozessualen Streitgegenstandstheorie empfehlenswert ist.

As one of the most energy-intensive and polluting industries, ammonia production is responsible for significant carbon dioxide (CO2) and air-pollutant emissions. Although many energy-efficiency measures have been proposed by the Chinese government to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality, lack of understanding of the cost-effectiveness of such improvements has been a barrier to implementing these measures. Assessing the costs, benefits, and cost-effectiveness of different energy-efficiency measures is essential to advancing this understanding. In this study, a bottom-up energy conservation supply curve model is developed to estimate the potential for energy savings and emissions reductions from 26 energy-efficiency measures that could be applied in China's ammonia industry. Cost-effective implementation of these measures saves a potential 271.5 petajoules/year for fuel and 5,443 gigawatt-hours/year for electricity, equal to 14% of fuel and 14% of electricity consumed in China's ammonia industry in 2012. These reductions could mitigate 26.7 million tonnes of CO2 emissions. This study also quantifies the co-benefits of reducing air-pollutant emissions and water use that would result from saving energy in China's ammonia industry. This quantitative analysis advances our understanding of the cost-effectiveness of energy-efficiency measures and can be used to augment efforts to reduce energy use and environmental impacts.

As one of the most energy-, emission- and pollution-intensive industries, iron and steel production is responsible for significant emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutants. Although many energy-efficiency measures have been proposed by the Chinese government to mitigate GHG emissions and to improve air quality, lacking full understanding of the costs and benefits has created barriers against implementing these measures widely. This paper sets out to advance the understanding by addressing the knowledge gap in costs, benefits, and costeffectiveness of energy-efficiency measures in iron and steel production. Specifically, we build a new evaluation framework to quantify energy benefits and environmental benefits (i.e., CO2 emission reduction, air-pollutants emission reduction and water savings) associated with 36 energy-efficiency measures. Results show that inclusion of benefits from CO2 and air-pollutants emission reduction affects the cost-effectiveness of energy-efficiency measures significantly, while impacts from water-savings benefits are moderate but notable when compared to the effects by considering energy benefits alone. The new information resulted from this study should be used to augment future programs and efforts in reducing energy use and environmental impacts associated with steel production.

Existing studies find that exploratory innovation requires both access to heterogeneous resources for the establishment of novel knowledge combinations and high-quality cooperation to strengthen the absorption of heterogeneous knowledge. Therefore, structural holes and prominent positions exert critical effects on exploratory innovation. Few existing studies have investigated the influences of the two positions on exploratory innovation simultaneously. This study aims to identify the influence of network positions on exploratory innovation and the contingency mechanism. Basing on joint patent filing relationships identification belong to IPC Green Inventory, R&D collaboration networks in China consisted of 215 firms in the technological field of low-carbon energy were constructed. Negative binomial regression was used to analyse the influences of networks positions on exploratory innovation and the moderating effect of network density. Results reveal that network prominence and structural holes have inverted U-shaped effects on exploratory innovation. The simultaneous occupation of prominent positions and structural holes hinders exploratory innovation. Network density exerts positive and negative effects on the relationships between network prominence and exploratory innovation and between structural holes and exploratory innovation, respectively. The conclusions drawn in this study provide a reference for R&D network structural optimization toward exploratory innovation.

A country can be well-comprehended through its core cities. Similarly, we can learn about a city from its hotspots, as they manifest the concentration of urban infrastructures and human activities. Following this philosophy, this paper studies the intra-urban form and function from a complexity science perspective by exploring the power law distribution of hotspot sizes and related socio-economic attributes. To detect hotspots, we rely on spatial clustering of geospatial big data sets, including street data from OpenStreetMap platform and nighttime light (NTL) data from the visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS) imagery. Unlike conventional spatial units, which are imposed by governments or authorities (such as census block), the delineation of hotspots is done in a totally bottom-up manner and, more importantly, can help us examine precisely the scaling pattern of urban morphological and functional aspects. This results in two types of urban hotspots—street-based and NTL-based hotspots—being generated across 20 major cities in China. We find that Zipf's law of hotspot sizes (both types) holds remarkably well for each city, as do the city-size distributions at the country level, indicating a statistically self-similar structure of geographic space. We further find that the urban scaling law can be effectively detected when using NTL-based hotspots as basic units. Furthermore, the comparison between two types of hotspots enables us to gain in-depth insights of urban planning and urban economic development.

Zhilan Chen,1,2,* Kecheng Huang,1,* Zhiyong Lu,1,3 Song Deng,1,4 Jiaqiang Xiong,1 Jia Huang,1 Xiong Li,5 Fangxu Tang,1 Zhihao Wang,6 Haiying Sun,1 Lin Wang,1 Shasha Zhou,1 Xiaoli Wang,1 Yao Jia,1 Ting Hu,1 Juan Gui,7 Dongyi Wan,1 Ding Ma,1 Shuang Li,1 Shixuan Wang11Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Techonology, Wuhan, 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, 3Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Tai-He Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei, 5Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan, 6Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Techonology, Wuhan, 7Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workAbstract: The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors in patients with surgically treated node-positive IB1-IIB cervical cancer and to establish a risk model for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). A total of 170 patients who underwent radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy as primary treatment for node-positive International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IB1-IIB cervical cancer from January 2002 to December 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. Five published risk models were evaluated in this population. The variables, including common iliac lymph node metastasis and parametrial invasion, were independent predictors of outcome in a multivariate analysis using a Cox regression model. Three distinct prognostic groups (low, intermediate, and high risk) were defined using these variables. Five-year DFS rates for the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups were 73.7%, 60.0%, and 25.0%, respectively (P<0.001), and 5-year OS rates were 81.9%, 42.8%, and 25.0%, respectively (P<0.001). The risk model derived in this study provides a novel means for assessing prognosis of patients with node-positive stage IB1-IIB cervical cancer. Future study will focus on external validation of the model and refinement of the risk scoring systems by adding new biologic markers.Keywords: cervical cancer, risk model, lymph node metastasis, disease-free survival, overall survival

Constraint-based reconstruction and analysis (COBRA) provides a molecular mechanistic framework for integrative analysis of experimental molecular systems biology data and quantitative prediction of physicochemically and biochemically feasible phenotypic states. The COBRA Toolbox is a comprehensive desktop software suite of interoperable COBRA methods. It has found widespread application in biology, biomedicine, and biotechnology because its functions can be flexibly combined to implement tailored COBRA protocols for any biochemical network. This protocol is an update to the COBRA Toolbox v.1.0 and v.2.0. Version 3.0 includes new methods for quality-controlled reconstruction, modeling, topological analysis, strain and experimental design, and network visualization, as well as network integration of chemoinformatic, metabolomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and thermochemical data. New multi-lingual code integration also enables an expansion in COBRA application scope via high-precision, high-performance, and nonlinear numerical optimization solvers for multi-scale, multi-cellular, and reaction kinetic modeling, respectively. This protocol provides an overview of all these new features and can be adapted to generate and analyze constraint-based models in a wide variety of scenarios. The COBRA Toolbox v.3.0 provides an unparalleled depth of COBRA methods. ; This study was funded by the National Centre of Excellence in Research (NCER) on Parkinson's disease, the U.S. Department of Energy, Offices of Advanced Scientific Computing Research and the Biological and Environmental Research as part of the Scientific Discovery Through Advanced Computing program, grant no. DE-SC0010429. This project also received funding from the European Union's HORIZON 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 668738 and the Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR) ATTRACT program (FNR/A12/01) and OPEN (FNR/O16/11402054) grants. N.E.L. was supported by NIGMS (R35 GM119850) and the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF10CC1016517). M.A.P.O. was supported by the Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR) grant AFR/6669348. A.R. was supported by the Lilly Innovation Fellows Award. F.J.P. was supported by the Minister of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain (BIO2016-77998-R) and the ELKARTEK Programme of the Basque Government (KK-2016/00026). I.A. was supported by a Basque Government predoctoral grant (PRE_2016_2_0044). B.Ø.P. was supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation through the Center for Biosustainability at the Technical University of Denmark (NNF10CC1016517).