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Impact of the European small and medium enterprises policy principles on the development of institutional framework in Lithuania has been analyzed in the paper. Exploring the topic changing criteria of small and medium enterprises in European Union has been taken into account, as well as changes of the institutions, and stages of their development. Problems of public finance support for creating business advisory service system have been discussed in the paper. Instruments of direct (PHARE program) and indirect (membership negotiations) of European Union have been characterized. Author concludes that despite the increasing support for small and medium enterprises in the amount and innovating forms, it is not sufficient for coping with market pressure both within Community and externally. ; Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Europos Sąjungos smulkiojo ir vidutinio verslo politikos nuostatų įtaka viešųjų institucijų, administruojančių smulkųjį ir vidutinį verslą Lietuvoje, raidai. Lyginami mažos ir vidutinės įmonės kriterijai Europos Sąjungoje, aptariama šių kriterijų kaita Lietuvoje. Analizuojamos institucijos, išskiriami jų raidos etapai. Aptariamos viešojo sektoriaus paramos smulkiajam ir vidutiniam verslui sistemos kūrimo problemos. Apibūdinami tiesioginės (PHARE programa) ir netiesioginės (derybos dėl narystės) Europos Sąjungos įtakos instrumentai. Parodyta, kad nors parama mažoms ir vidutinėms įmonėms kiekybine išraiška nuolat didėja, tobulėja jos teikimo formos, ji nėra pakankama, kad būtų pasipriešinama ir Bendrijos, ir išorinių rinkos jėgų veikimui.

The adoption of the Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources was an important step for the successive contribution to the global Climate Change Regime as well as the diversification of energy supply, thus ensuring energy security and reducing dependence on external suppliers. However, although the Directive sets out legally binding targets for each Member State by 2020 as well as interim targets, it does not provide any legally binding instruments, i.e., renewableenergy support scheme(s), to achieve the above-mentioned objectives.Since the overall EU target as well as national targets are fairly ambitious, it poses a question, why the Directive does not include specific legally binding instrument(s) for achieving these targets, whereas the so-called flexibility mechanisms, provided in the Directive, are limited only to non-obligatory cooperation between Member States. It is important to mention that, during the negotiation process on the Directive,the harmonization of Member States' renewable energy policies through the EU-level mechanism of Guarantees of Origin was widely debated. Therefore, the intergovernmental negotiation on the Directive's provisions on renewable energy support scheme which should allow Member States to achieve their national targets as well as the overall EU target shall be submitted as the object of this article, while the purpose is to analyze the case of negotiating the EU-level renewable energy support scheme and to investigate the intergovernmental factors such as asymmetrical bargaining power of Member States aswell as specific domestic factors' influence for the negotiation's results, applying liberal intergovernmentalistapproach as the theoretical framework for analysis. The main tasks of the article are:__ to introduce the basic provisions of liberal intergovernmentalism and to formulate principal theoretical assumptions for further empirical analysis;__ to present a compact overview of the support schemes for renewables, applied in the ...

The adoption of the Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources was an important step for the successive contribution to the global Climate Change Regime as well as the diversification of energy supply, thus ensuring energy security and reducing dependence on external suppliers. However, although the Directive sets out legally binding targets for each Member State by 2020 as well as interim targets, it does not provide any legally binding instruments, i.e., renewable energy support scheme(s), to achieve the above-mentioned objectives. Since the overall EU target as well as national targets are fairly ambitious, it poses a question, why the Directive does not include specific legally binding instrument(s) for achieving these targets, whereas the so-called flexibility mechanisms, provided in the Directive, are limited only to non-obligatory cooperation between Member States. It is important to mention that, during the negotiation process on the Directive, the harmonization of Member States' renewable energy policies through the EU-level mechanism of Guarantees of Origin was widely debated. Therefore, the intergovernmental negotiation on the Directive's provisions on renewable energy support scheme which should allow Member States to achieve their national targets as well as the overall EU target shall be submitted as the object of this article, while the purpose is to analyze the case of negotiating the EU-level renewable energy support scheme and to investigate the intergovernmental factors such as asymmetrical bargaining power of Member States as well as specific domestic factors' influence for the negotiation's results, applying liberal intergovernmentalist approach as the theoretical framework for analysis. The main tasks of the article are: __ to introduce the basic provisions of liberal intergovernmentalism and to formulate principal theoretical assumptions for further empirical analysis; __ to present a compact overview of the support schemes for renewables, applied in ...

The aim of this article is to deepen knowledge on the topics of the European Union (EU) regulatory policy of the renewable energy sector as well as the theoretical context and the practical implementation of the renewable energy policy. In order to justify the implementation of the EU regulatory policy, the Directive "On The Promotion Of The Use Of Energy From Renewable Sources" 2009/28/EC was analyzed in this article as one of the examples of the EU regulatory policy. A special attention in the analysis of the Directive was given for the legal obligations for the Member States as well the means and ways to implement these obligations. The legal obligations and the discretion, i.e., the action of freedom, of the Member States were analyzed in the article, as these variables are the main determinants of a particular policy model which should be chosen to apply in the form of a piece of legislation. The main goal of the article is to analyze the mechanisms of the EU regulatory policy and its basic principles as well as its practical implementation. In order to implement this goal, the following tasks were raised: to analyze the theoretical context of the EU regulatory policy; to review the development of the EU energy regulatory policy; to highlight the most important theoretical/conceptual models of the EU regulatory policy; to justify and to substantiate the practical use of the EU regulatory policy models, by analyzing the Directive 2009/28/EC "On The Promotion Of The Use Of Energy From Renewable Sources"; to analyze the case of Lithuania. The analysis of the Memer States' legal obligations as well as the the degree of their discretion (freedom of action), showed that the Directive have a high degree of obligation and even provides certain sanctions for failure to comply with these obligations, hovewer it gives broad opportunities for the freedom of action to the Member States to implement their obligations under the Directive. These variables imply that the Directive 2009/28/EC is based on the so-called new instruments regulatory policy model. As practice shows, Lithuanian renewable energy development lacks the state support as renewable energy development goals are declarative and do not reflect any real efforts of the government. This situation demonstrates that the EU regulation within the energy framework is not sufficient for Lithuania. ; Plačiąja prasme reguliavimo politika yra tam tikra viešųjų politikų sistema. Viešoji politika šiuo atveju gali būti apibūdinama kaip tam tikras valstybių, viršvalstybinių institucijų ar jų pareigūnų veiksmų kursas, skirtas tam tikriems viešiesiems klausimams spręsti. Atsižvelgiant į tai, straipsnyje analizuojamas Europos Sąjungos (toliau – ES) reguliavimo politikos teorinis kontekstas bei praktinės implikacijos atsinaujinančių išteklių energetikos srityje. Ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas Direktyvos 2009/28/EB "Dėl skatinimo naudoti energiją iš atsinaujinančių išteklių" atitikčiai reguliavimo politikos modeliams. Analizuojant Direktyvą siekiama ištirti teisinio įpareigojimo bei valstybės narės veikimo laisvės, vykdant įpareigojimus, santykį. Teigiama, jog būtent šie kintamieji lemia atitiktį tam tikram reguliavimo politikos modeliui.

The aim of this article is to deepen knowledge on the topics of the European Union (EU) regulatory policy of the renewable energy sector as well as the theoretical context and the practical implementation of the renewable energy policy. In order to justify the implementation of the EU regulatory policy, the Directive "On The Promotion Of The Use Of Energy From Renewable Sources" 2009/28/EC was analyzed in this article as one of the examples of the EU regulatory policy. A special attention in the analysis of the Directive was given for the legal obligations for the Member States as well the means and ways to implement these obligations. The legal obligations and the discretion, i.e., the action of freedom, of the Member States were analyzed in the article, as these variables are the main determinants of a particular policy model which should be chosen to apply in the form of a piece of legislation. The main goal of the article is to analyze the mechanisms of the EU regulatory policy and its basic principles as well as its practical implementation. In order to implement this goal, the following tasks were raised: to analyze the theoretical context of the EU regulatory policy; to review the development of the EU energy regulatory policy; to highlight the most important theoretical/conceptual models of the EU regulatory policy; to justify and to substantiate the practical use of the EU regulatory policy models, by analyzing the Directive 2009/28/EC "On The Promotion Of The Use Of Energy From Renewable Sources"; to analyze the case of Lithuania. The analysis of the Memer States' legal obligations as well as the the degree of their discretion (freedom of action), showed that the Directive have a high degree of obligation and even provides certain sanctions for failure to comply with these obligations, hovewer it gives broad opportunities for the freedom of action to the Member States to implement their obligations under the Directive. These variables imply that the Directive 2009/28/EC is based on the so-called new ...

It has been analyzed in this article the development of internal institutions of Lithuanian municipalities during the latest three years, emphasizing principal impact of the Constitutional Court's decisions (2002 and 2004). The main attention is committed to the new municipal institution – the executive director, analysis of its activities and interaction with other subjects of municipal administration. It has been discussed the consequences of re-distribution of power after establishing of aforementioned executive institution. It has been shown the atrophy of the political government/ administration cleavage, when the separation of representative and executive power has been actually implemented on local level.

It has been analyzed in this article the development of internal institutions of Lithuanian municipalities during the latest three years, emphasizing principal impact of the Constitutional Court's decisions (2002 and 2004). The main attention is committed to the new municipal institution – the executive director, analysis of its activities and interaction with other subjects of municipal administration. It has been discussed the consequences of re-distribution of power after establishing of aforementioned executive institution. It has been shown the atrophy of the political government/ administration cleavage, when the separation of representative and executive power has been actually implemented on local level.

It has been analyzed in this article the development of internal institutions of Lithuanian municipalities during the latest three years, emphasizing principal impact of the Constitutional Court's decisions (2002 and 2004). The main attention is committed to the new municipal institution – the executive director, analysis of its activities and interaction with other subjects of municipal administration. It has been discussed the consequences of re-distribution of power after establishing of aforementioned executive institution. It has been shown the atrophy of the political government/ administration cleavage, when the separation of representative and executive power has been actually implemented on local level.

Tyrimą finansavo Lietuvos mokslo taryba (Projektas "Influence of nonelectoral campaigns upon political processes in Lithuania" MIP-017/2011) ; For a long time post-Soviet space has been perceived as homophobic and intolerant of LGBT persons. The three Baltic States - Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia - as former Soviet republics and current members of the European Union, represent the space where a strong homophobic post-Soviet atmosphere competes with pro-LGBT Western influence. This article examines how the first LGBT Pride Parade (which occurred in Vilnius in 2010) is reflected in Lithuanian media portals. The article also presents the broader context of LGBT issues by reviewing legal changes and Lithuanian political parties' programs. Our analysis of the media and other sources is based on three arguments: 1) that the LGBT pride parade in Vilnius became the most important event for reflecting LGBT issues in the media and society; 2) it might have not been possible without support and influence from external institutions; and 3) the LGBT parade revealed the division of two competing normative trajectories in Lithuania. The reconstructed trajectories in the article are based on the theoretical framework of new institutionalism, media analysis, interviews and focus groups. Construction of the LGBT campaign and counter-campaign seem delimited rather than approaching them as value normative consensus. However, the way in which LGBT persons are reflected within the Lithuanian media is remarkably different in comparison with the early post-Soviet period. The Baltic gay pride parade "for equality" and external (Western) support for it were highly visible in the media, influenced a significant debate on the topic not otherwise experienced in Lithuania, and (re)introduced a question about the perception of 'normality' within society. These debates also raise the question of how norms and institutions change and adapt within society ; Politologijos katedra ; Viešojo administravimo katedra ; Viešosios komunikacijos katedra ; Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas