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This interdisciplinary review of state-of-the-art research on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), and related constructs such as contextual performance, spontaneous organizational behavior, prosocial behavior, proactive behavior, employee voice, and counterproductive work behavior includes chapters by leading scholars in the field. Included topics are the conceptualization of OCBs; the distinction between these behaviors and related constructs; the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of these behaviors; the mechanisms through which these behaviors influence organizational success and the boundary conditions limiting these effects; and the methodological and measurement issues that are common when studying OCBs. In addition, this handbook has several chapters that explore the implications for managerial practice and career success.

ABSTRACTParticipation equality, a prominent construct that has received much attention in group decision‐making research, has been studied with both perceptual and objective measures. Yet, research findings regarding participation equality have been inconsistent and equivocal. We argue that one reason for this inconsistency is how participation equality has been conceptualized and measured. In some studies, researchers have theorized and measured participation equality using observed behavior. In other studies, researchers have theorized and measured participation equality using perceptual measures. We conducted an experiment to investigate the similarities and differences between these two measures. Our results indicate that (1) perceived participation equality (PPE) and observed participation equality (OPE) are theoretically separate and distinct constructs that (2) affect and are affected by other constructs in different ways within their nomological network. OPE and PPE were more different than they were similar, sharing only 10.8% of their variance. In other words, perceptions of participation equality were predominantly influenced by factors other than observed behaviors related to participation equality. We believe that these results call for more theory and research regarding the differences between observed behavior and perceptions of behavior in group decision making. As we move into new computer‐mediated communication technologies such as Web Conferencing, Virtual Reality, and Enterprise Social Media that enable new forms of participation, we need to consider what constitutes participation and how new forms of participation should be measured and evaluated. In the large group environments of Enterprise Social Media, the differences between OPE and PPE are likely to become more pronounced.