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Was there a "Bedouinization of Arabia"?
In 1953, Werner Caskel produced a theory which he called "the Bedouinization of Arabia". In this, he maintained that around AD 100 Arabia was peaceful, dominated by settled states, with some non-tribal nomads who were simply "shepherds near the cities". He contrasted this with Arabia in the sixth and seventh centuries in which he claimed "the Bedouin form of society and ideo logy prevailed". The evidence he provided for this false dichotomy consisted of errors, misunderstandings and argumenta ex silentio, as was pointed out at the time, but his theory has nevertheless been widely accepted in the years which followed. In 1959, it was taken up and adapted by Walter Dostal who tried to explain the "Bedouinization" by producing a novel definition of the Bedouin as "camel-herders accustomed to fighting as rider warriors" and said that "Vollbeduinen" were only those who used the shadād or so-called "North-Arabian" camel saddle which, he imagined, gave them a secure seat from which to fight. In fact, however, there is no evidence at all that nomads in Arabia have ever fought from camel-back if they could possibly get off to fight on foot or on horseback. Nevertheless, in 1975, Richard Bulliet adopted Dostal's idea and took it further by claiming that the use of the shadād made camel-riders an almost invincible force and this produced "an alteration in the balance of political power in favour of the nomads". This gave apparent support to Caskel's idea that the North Arabian Bedouin were able to sweep to military and political domination of the sedentaries by the sixth century AD. The present examination of these theories shows that there is no basis to them and, in doing so, argues that what is known of nomadic life in Arabia between AD 100 and 500 suggests continuity both in its structures and in its relations with the sedentaries.
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Nurturing Adoptions: Creating Resilience after Neglect and Trauma
In: The British journal of social work, Band 42, Heft 7, S. 1424-1425
ISSN: 1468-263X
The Impact of a Restructured Canadian Welfare State on Atlantic Canada
In: Social policy & administration: an international journal of policy and research, Band 32, Heft 4, S. 389-400
ISSN: 0037-7643, 0144-5596
ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING AND GENDER IN CANADA: FEMINIST POLICY INITIATIVES
In: World development: the multi-disciplinary international journal devoted to the study and promotion of world development, Band 23, Heft 11, S. 2005-2017
ISSN: 0305-750X
Suicide in Victorian and Edwardian England. By Olive Anderson (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1987. xiv plus 476 pp. $84.00)
In: Journal of social history, Band 23, Heft 3, S. 599-600
ISSN: 1527-1897
Crime and the Courts in England, 1660-1900. By John M. Beattie (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. xxiv, 663 pp. $76.00; $19.95)
In: Journal of social history, Band 22, Heft 2, S. 381-383
ISSN: 1527-1897
E.C., COMECON AGREE ON MUTUAL RECOGNITION
In: Europe: magazine of the European Community, Band 278, S. 38-39
ISSN: 0279-9790, 0191-4545
The Impact of the Plague in Tudor and Stuart England. By Paul Slack (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985. xvi + 443 pp.)
In: Journal of social history, Band 20, Heft 4, S. 791-793
ISSN: 1527-1897
Democracy, education and the university
In: The southwestern social science quarterly, Band 26, S. 314-323
ISSN: 0276-1742
Finite Element Modelling of Cold Formed Stainless Steel Columns
In: Acta polytechnica: journal of advanced engineering, Band 45, Heft 3
ISSN: 1805-2363
This paper describes the results obtained from a finite element investigation into the load capacity of column members of lipped channel cross-section, cold formed from Type 304 stainless steel, subjected to concentric and eccentric compression loading. The main aims of this investigation were to determine the effects which the non-linearity of the stress-strain behaviour of the material would have on the column behaviour under concentric or eccentric loading. Stress-strain curves derived from tests and design codes are incorporated into non-linear finite element analyses of eccentrically loaded columns and the results obtained are compared with those obtained on the basis of experiments on stainless steel channel columns with the same properties and dimensions. Comparisons of the finite element results and the test results are also made with existing design specifications and conclusions are drawn on the basis of the comparisons.
AFTER CONSENSUS, WHAT? PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR THE U.N. IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA
In: Journal of peace research, Band 29, Heft 3, S. 299-311
ISSN: 0022-3433
COLD WAR STANDARDS FOR EVALUATING U.N. PERFORMANCE ARE OF LITTLE VALUE NOW, BUT THERE HAS BEEN LITTLE GENERAL OR THEORETICAL DISCUSSION OF ALTERNATIVE CRITERIA. IN AN EFFORT TO CLARIFY THE ISSUES, THE AUTHORS DERIVE FOUR DISTINCT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA EXTANT IN THE LITERATURE ON U.N. PERFORMANCE: (1) DECLARATIONS FOUND IN ORGANIC DOCUMENTS (CHARTER-BASED), (2) MEDIUM- AND SHORT-TERM OBJECTIVES ESTABLISHED BY AGENCY OFFICIALS (OPERATIONAL), (3) PAST PERFORMANCE (TREND-BASED), AND (4) A SCENARIO FOLLOWING ELIMINATION OF THE AGENCY (ABSENCE-BASED). THEY DISCUSS THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF EACH CRITERIA AND CONCLUDE THAT A BLENDING OF THE OPERATIONAL AND TREND-BASED APPROACH OFFERS THE MOST PROMISING AVENUE FOR U.N. EVALUATION.
REDRAWING THE MAP: THE WORLD AFTER THE BEIJING AND CAIRO CONFERENCES
In: SAIS REVIEW, Band 16, Heft 1, S. 153-165
THIS ARTICLE ANALYZES HOW THE FOURTH WORLD CONFERENCE ON WOMEN TOOK THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY BEYOND THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE RECENT SERIES OF GLOBAL CONFERENCES IN CRITICAL WAYS. IT DISCUSSES THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STRONG REAFFIRMATION OF THE NEW CONCEPTUALIZATION OF POPULATION-RELATED HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AGREED ON AT THE ICPD IN 1994. IT COMPARES AND CONTRASTS KEY DIMENSIONS OF THE PROCESS AND OUTCOMES OF THE ICPD AND THE FOURTH WORLD CONFERENCE ON WOMEN, INCLUDING THE GENESIS OF LEADERSHIP, POLITICAL ACTORS AND THE PATTERN AND CONTENT OF THE DIPLOMATIC NEGOTIATIONS. IT SUMMARIZES WHAT THE BEIJING PLATFORM FOR ACTION MEANS FOR WOMEN'S LIVES AROUND THE WORLD.
Organizing small medical libraries in military installations
In: http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112064724765
Prepared by M. Ruth MacDonald. ; Caption title. ; Mode of access: Internet.
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Effect of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on planned cancer surgery for 15 tumour types in 61 countries: an international, prospective, cohort study
Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services. Funding National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, Medtronic, Sarcoma UK, The Urology Foundation, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research.
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