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The objective of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the reconfigurations of education and research within the European Higher Education Area. While higher education systems and institutions are pointed out as key to competitively positioning Europe in the global context, the articulations between education, research and innovation are reconfigured. Based on discourse analysis, the articulations between nodal points - education, research and innovation - associated with the discourses on mobility and employability, made visible the weight of innovation promoted by economic policy drivers. The analysis challenges the relevance attributed to innovation and its major economic prospects as it hinders the broader educational and social potential of the political achievements of European Higher Education Area related to mobility and employability. Keywords: education; research; innovation; European higher education area

The aim of this article is to discuss the contribution of the theory of differentiated integration to understanding Bologna as an instrument for building up the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), and to learn from that analysis what can be used to enrich the theory of differentiated integration. The analysis uses secondary data to grasp the national and the institutional appropriation of the Bologna process and to identify the dimensions that characterise the type of differentiated integration promoted by Bologna. The analysis underlines the role of national and institutional factors to understand how the EHEA, from its inception and its evolution, is a project of differentiated integration stemming from the translation of policy into action.

Since the 1980s, as a direct consequence of the debt crisis, under the guidelines of multilateral organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, Latin America has experienced a series of reforms to replace the role of the state as the main driver to achieve socio-economic development by a new model of governance. This article examines the changes that took place in the educational system of Honduras in the past 20 years, under the influence of the so called process of modernization of education, initiated in the 1990. In 1996 this process resulted into the administrative de-concentration of education at the pre-school, primary and secondary levels. This paper examines the distinctive characteristics of this process in Honduras, a country pervaded with social, political and economic contradictions, and where the educational system has not been able to respond to the enormous demands of a society marked by exclusion. The analysis stresses the gap between the expectations of an educational policy that was intended to have an important and comprehensive impact and the very modest results that so far have been achieved. ; Como resultado de la crisis de la deuda y por influencia de los organismos supranacionales como el Banco Mundial y el Fondo Monetario Internacional, a partir de los años 1980 América Latina experimenta una serie de reformas para sustituir al Estado desarrollista y sentar las bases de un nuevo modelo sustentado en la gobernanza. Derivado de este contexto, este artículo analiza los cambios ocurridos en el sistema educativo hondureño, en los últimos veinte años, por influencia de un proceso iniciado en el año 1990, conocido como modernización de la educación y continuado en el año de 1996 con la desconcentración administrativa de los niveles de educación, prebásica básica y media. El texto analiza las características singulares que adquiere un fenómeno de esta naturaleza en un país con tantas contradicciones sociales, políticas y económicas como Honduras y en condiciones en que el sistema educativo aún no logra dar respuestas a las grandes demandas de una sociedad marcada por la exclusión. El balance del período analizado refleja las brechas entre las expectativas de una política educativa, concebida para impactar el sistema en forma integral y los modestos resultados alcanzados. ; Em consequência da crise da dívida e por influência dos organismos supranacionais, como o Banco Mundial e o Fundo Monetário Internacional, a partir dos anos 1980, a América Latina experimentou uma série de reformas para substituir o Estado desenvolvimentista e lançar as bases de um novo modelo sustentado na governação. Neste enquadramento, este artigo analisa as mudanças ocorridas no sistema educativo hondurenho, nos últimos vinte anos, por influência dum processo iniciado em 1990, conhecido como modernização da Educação, e continuado em 1996, com a desconcentração administrativa dos niveles de educação, prebásica, básica e média. O texto analisa as características singulares que adquire um fenómeno desta natureza num país com tantas contradições sociais, políticas e económicas como as Honduras, e em condições nas quais o sistema educativo ainda não conseguiu dar respostas às grandes exigências de uma sociedade marcada pela exclusão. O balanço do período analisado dá conta das disparidades entre las expectativas duma política educativa, concebida para ter impactos no sistema de forma integral e os modestos resultados alcanzados.

Beyond the statistical construction, early school leaving (ESL) is a political concept that requires reflection and questioning. This article is based on a research project on early school leaving in 9 countries of the European Union to center the Portuguese problem, where the issue of early school leaving and its social economic and political context assumes particularly serious dimensions. The article defines and explains the features of three sub-periods, between 2000 and 2015, linked to different modes of education governance. Focusing in particular on the current period, running from 2011, this work captures different perspectives on the problem and analyzes the policies and conditions that surround it. The goal is to contribute with the lenses of sociology of education to understand the construction of early school leaving as a political concept and tothe analysis of political practices to confront it, while taking into account the impacts of educational changes in educational equity and the democratic pedagogic rights. We argue that the current trend to segregate some groups within the education system and the prevalence of the logics of competitiveness to the detriment of the search for social inclusion, which threaten theachievement of pedagogic rights particularly for those groups with greater social vulnerability, gives evidence to the need for powerful educational measures that take into account and assign value to the views and interests of diverse actors at different levels of the fabrication of the European education space.