Suchergebnisse

In modern chemistry pyrolysis is the principal process and large-tonnage provider, primarily, of lower olefins - ethylene, propylene - as well as butadiene, benzene and other products. The level of efficiency of the pyrolysis process largely determines the development of the petrochemical industry in whole, therefore rationalization of the process is an ongoing task of high relevance. The aim of this work is to develop a method for increasing the efficiency of the pyrolysis for lower olefins on the base of the analysis of the mechanism of the process with the possibility of controlling it. The kinetics of the interaction of the hydrocarbons with hydrogen atoms, methyl radicals and their mixtures were determined. The data on the relative reactivity of bonds of different types in reactions with hydrogen atoms and methyl radicals and the data on the effective relative reactivity when using an inert diluent increase our knowledge of the pyrolysis of feedstock of any given composition. A method based on the influence of hydrogen on the thermal reactions of alkanes and alkenes was developed to increase the selectivity of the process for the target product (lower olefins) and to reduce the yield of the liquid products of condensation and specific energy consumption. © 2018 WIT Press. ; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation, contract № 02.A03.21.0006.

Nowadays, the energy sector faces a lot of challenges because of environmental issues, the potential depletion of fossil fuels in the future, problems of technological development, etc. Despite the fact that alternative energy is a key factor of the energy sector's development, it still has several controversial questions, and one of them is "to what extent is nuclear energy safe for the world?" As a consequence, public acceptability has a role to play as it significantly affects the way nuclear energy should be developed in the next decades. In this paper, we provide the main results of the research made in December 2018 in Italy and Russia on students' attitude towards nuclear energy and its development in their homelands. The research method is a questionnaire which was carried out at the University of Trento, Italy, and at Ural Federal University, Russia. According to the given results, most of the students from both countries do not have a negative perception of nuclear energy. However, the opinions on its development in Italy and Russia are completely different: Russian students support the government's energy program in which nuclear energy is one of the most promising trends for the future, whereas Italian students do not accept the possibility that nuclear energy could come back into the Italian energy sector. © 2019 WIT Press. ; № 02.A03.21.0006. ; This research was supported by Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation, contract № 02.A03.21.0006.

Climate change and anthropogenic pollution have put limited water resources under pressure. Lack of basic sanitation services as well as the discharge of improperly treated effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) result in the deposition of large amounts of organic matter and nutrients, which have major detrimental effects on health. Wastewater treatment (WWT) can reduce water pollution but at the cost of increasing energy consumption and the corresponding atmosphere and climate problems. Sustainable WWT management is a global challenge to preserve fresh water and decrease energy consumption. Nowadays it becomes obvious that existing WWTP operation model, based on the linear "take-make-dispose" pattern, is no longer sustainable. Furthermore, disposal of a product in landfill means that all residual energy is lost. The adoption of circular economy (CE) practices with its 3R principles of reducing, reusing and recycling material appears as a timely, relevant and practical option to meet the goals of sustainable development. WWTP is a critical element in CE implementation policy and to measure the degree of "circularity" there is a need for indicators. This study considers the holistic overview of measuring the progress of CE implementation at WWTP under 3R principles using life cycle analysis (LCA) and material flow analysis (MFA) frameworks. The paper presents the principles of CE indicators set construction using managerial approach. The proposed set of indicators and integral circularity index are studied under three scenarios, based on real performance of northern and southern WWTP in Ekaterinburg, Russia. This study provides an efficient assessment tool of CE progress, which is rather simple for calculation and interpretation and suitable for the use of wide range of stakeholders. © 2019 WIT Press. ; № 02.A03.21.0006 ; This research was supported by Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation, contract № 02.A03.21.0006.

The optimization of municipal solid waste management requires the re-organization of niche sectors too. The sector of the university is not fully explored from the scientific point of view. The creation of networks among universities in order to face this issue allows an exchange of expertise also at an international level as demonstrated in this article, by three case studies: two Italian (University of Trento and University of Insubria) and one Russian (Ural Federal University) universities. This study highlights the pros and cons of each university in terms of waste management. Specifically, setting up communication campaigns, standard procedures, monitoring actions, pricing strategies that incentivize selective collection, and improving the collaboration within the university community are identified as crucial initiatives. The margins of improvement of the three universities analyzed are favored by the composition of the generated waste. The implementation of good practices can give economic advantages to the universities, besides improving their level of sustainability. © 2020 by the authors. ; The authors wish to thank Dolomiti Energia Spa and, especially, C. Realis and G. Baldessarri Antoniolli for the data on the fractions contained in the residual waste produced by UniTrento. This research was supported by Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation, contract № 02.A03.21.0006.

This paper is dedicated to studying the nutrition, health status and food provision of the people living the northern regions of Russia. The authors developed a concept of comprehensive interdisciplinary research of traditional and innovative behavioral practices of actors in the northern regions of Russia in the field of food production and consumption in order to study the structure of nutrition of the population, its health status and the technologies that are used to provide the people with food products. The interdisciplinary comprehensive research applied the following methods: (a) statistical method; (b) sociological method of mass survey; (c) sociological method of expert interviews; (d) method of feasibility study; (e) method of mathematical modeling. According to the results of the analysis, the nutrition of the people living in the norther regions is characterized by insufficient consumption of fresh vegetables, meat and processed meat, fish and seafood, milk and dairy products, some vitamins and bio-elements (such as selenium, calcium) and excessive consumption of saturated fats and flour products. The following problems related to providing the population of the northern regions of Russia with food products were identified: The agriculture in almost all northern regions of Russia has negative profitability; imported food products and food ingredients are mostly used; there are drawbacks of logistics, transportation and storage of food products; the natural and climate conditions are unfavorable for traditional agriculture. The paper substantiates the economic, environmental, social, and political advantages of highly automated agro-industrial complex of vertical farming as an alternative method for providing food security of the inhabitants of the northern regions of Russia. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. ; The paper is based on research carried out with the financial support of the grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project number 20-011-00087 (Institutional factors and forms of rural development).