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Frontmatter -- Contents -- Forword -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introducing Scotland -- 2. Uncommon Land -- 3. Wildlife -- 4. Fresh Water -- 5. Marine Environment -- 6. The Air We Breathe -- 7. Agriculture -- 8. Energy -- 9. Transport -- 10. Cities and Sustainability -- 11. The Way Ahead -- Bibliography -- Index

Special education is generally considered to be special branch of education or educational research. The concept has existed for a long time, about a century and the original meaning of the concept has been to give special education as an addition or alternative to the regular education to people who from different reasons cannot, will not or may not follow so called regular or ordinary education 100%. In this paper we will look at the development of the concept in Sweden and how it relates to concepts especially like inclusion and equity. The presentation will start with the legislation of 1848 which gave all children formal right to basic school education.

Social policy in the field of child "defectivicy" during the war and the first years of Soviet power formation (1914-1920) was performed in conditions of the severe socio-political disaster. Multimilliondemographic losses of the future human resources in forms of bad health children, a high rate of child mortality, potentially not born children in the future decades etc. – are standing in the line with the other facts of the war-revolutionary circumstances of the historical period in focus. Analysis of the texts of the number of historical documents, which are relevant to the dominant political and scientific areas in this field, allowed to identify the essence of the social doctrine of the country of Soviets and its role in understanding the key actors of a new social policy in the field of "defective" childhood. The definition of child "defectivicy" got a rather wide interpretation. Among the traditional understanding of "defective/ sick child", a new category of "defective" children has appeared – they were disadvantaged and homeless/street children and teens. Philanthropic and private forms of social care of "defective/sick" children, supported by the social policy of the Russian Empire, were nationalized. Instead those "new institutions" were established: the first prototypes of the soviet internat institutions (schools communes for morally-defective). Traditionally "defective/sick" and "new defective" children and teens were united in the "single army of morally-defective". A new social doctrine of the country of Soviets, expressed by the principle of socialistic humanism, in practice (by different reasons), didn't protect the right of the most socially vulnerable group of children to become full members of the new society. A scientific discourse of "care taking" appeared inside Curative pedagogy and Pedology. Defectology, took the place of scientific philanthropy and established the foundation of the scientific knowledge about "defective" children, becoming a crucial regulator of social political discussions of "care taking" about them during upcoming decades of the Soviet era. ; Социальная политика в области «детской дефективности» военного времени и первых лет советской власти (1914–1927 годы) формировалась в условиях тяжелейших социально-политических потрясений. Многомиллионные демографические потери будущего человеческого ресурса в виде плохого здоровья детей, высокой детской смертности, потенциально нерожденных в будущие десятилетия детей стоят в ряду с другими фактами военно-революционных последствий обсуждаемого периода. Анализ текстов различных исторических документов, релевантных доминирующим политическому и научному дискурсам в этой области, позволил определить сущность социальной доктрины страны Советов и ее роль в понимании ключевых акторов новой социальной политики в области «дефективного» детства. Детская «дефективность» приобретала расширенное толкование. Появляются «новые дефективные» дети – беспризорники и уличные дети и подростки. Благотворительная и частная формы социального призрения «дефективных/больных» детей, поддерживаемые социальной политикой Российской империи, были национализированы. На их место пришли «новые учреждения»: первые прототипы советских интернатных учреждений («школы-коммуны для морально дефективных»). Понимаемые традиционно «дефективные/больные» и «новые дефективные» дети и подростки стали единой «армией морально дефективных». Новая социальная доктрина страны Советов, выразившаяся в принципе социалистического гуманизма, на практике (по различным причинам) не смогла защитить право наиболее нуждающейся группы детского населения на полноту членства в новом обществе. Научный дискурс «заботы» зарождался в недрах лечебной педагогики и педологии. Дефектология, восходящая на место научной филантропии, становится фундаментом научного знания о «дефективных» детях и решающим регулятором социально-политических дискуссий «заботы» о них в последующих декадах советского времени. ; Фонд «Русский мир» (проект № 1263 Гр/II-162-14) (The Fund "Russian World" (project № 1263 Гр/II-162-14)

The development of financial institutions has been viewed in recent years as critical to the economic development process. This research uses recent data from the eight largest African stock markets to test whether these markets meet the criterion of weak-form stock market efficiency with returns characterized by a random walk. Results are then compared with similar tests on emerging stock markets in Southeast Asia & Latin America. Conclusions from the research indicate that test results for weak-form efficiency in the emerging African stock markets compare favorably with those performed on other emerging stock markets. 3 Tables, 32 References. Adapted from the source document.

To access publisher's full text version of this article, please click on the hyperlink in Additional Links field or click on the hyperlink at the top of the page marked Files ; Discovery of coding variants in genes that confer risk of neurodevelopmental disorders is an important step towards understanding the pathophysiology of these disorders. Whole-genome sequencing of 31,463 Icelanders uncovers a frameshift variant (E712KfsTer10) in microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) that associates with ID/low IQ in a large pedigree (genome-wide corrected P = 0.022). Additional stop-gain variants in MAP1B (E1032Ter and R1664Ter) validate the association with ID and IQ. Carriers have 24% less white matter (WM) volume (β = -2.1SD, P = 5.1 × 10 ; Swedish Society of Medicine Swedish Brain Foundation Swedish Society for Medical Research NEWMEDS EUAIMS European Union EU-FP7 EU