Suchergebnisse

Includes bibliographical references (pages 285-292) and index

The federal system of governance has been posited as a solution to issues of internal conflict and division within states. Over the last century the global prevalence of the federal system has increased. There are currently twenty-six states (accounting for forty per cent of the global population) that have or are in the process of adopting a federal system—including three of the so-called "BRIC" emerging global powers. While the motivating theory of the federal system is one that often seeks to pacify, contain, or eliminate conflict among subnational groups and governments, such an ideal is not as easily achieved in practice. Many federal states are formed amidst conflict and competing visions of national identity. Thus, it is often not only the division of power and resources within the federation that is contested but also the framework of the federation itself. This underlying struggle is borne out in political arenas through self-determination movements and in courts through legal disputes over division of powers. In turn, states rely on federal institutions to proactively and reactively address intra-state conflict. Situated among these institutions are "federal arbiters" who serve the critical role of adjudicating conflicts over power and resources.

Fragmentation is a potential problem in an international legal system that has seen the creation of new courts and tribunals around the world, with the chance for different judicial approaches to develop in different courts. This book addresses this issue by analyzing judicial practice in three areas: genocide, immunities, and the use of force

The paper has two main objectives. The first is to trace the progress in the process of decentralisation in the provision of public services in India. The second is to test the hypothesis that decentralisation in the system of public service delivery in primary health care and education led to improved outcomes for the rural Indian population. Before 1992, with few exceptions, there was little movement towards decentralisation. Rural local bodies functioned primarily as program executing agents for government line departments, with little control over finances, administration, or the pattern of expenditure. The only decentralisation that existed was in the importance of state governments vis-a-vis the centre. After the 1992 Constitutional Amendments, significant progress has taken place in the form of the passing of conformity legislation by state governments, the setting up of State Finance Commissions to examine the distribution of resources from states to local bodies, and accelerated moves towards transfer of planning and expenditure responsibilities to village bodies. The paper used data from the 1994 NCAER survey to test the hypothesis that increased decentralisation/democratisation positively influences enrolment rates and child mortality once the influence of socioeconomic circumstances, civil society organisations, the problem of capture of local bodies by elite groups, and so on are controlled for. Our main empirical findings are that indicators of democratisation and public participation, such as frequency of elections, presence of non-governmental organisations, parent-teacher associations and indicator variables for decentralised states generally have the expected positive effects, although these are not always statistically indistinguishable from zero.

Menschen mit FASD sehen sich von frühen Jahren an mit Stigmatisierung konfrontiert, die oftmals mit negativen Folgen für das Selbstbild der Betroffenen verbunden ist. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit soll der Frage nachgegangen werden, wie die während der Schwangerschaft entstandene lebenslange Beeinträchtigung in Kombination mit ausgrenzenden Zuschreibungen die Entwicklung eines tragfähigen Selbstkonzepts bei Menschen mit FASD gefährden kann. Ein Fokus liegt dabei auf der Rolle von Printmedien.

Encroachment of forest areas can cause many problems when the management does not pay attention to conservation rules. Forest encroachment is increasingly widespread and is of particular concern to theSerang Village Government, thus encouraging agricultural systems based on local wisdom owned by the community. The study is able to record known land conservation practice, among others, (1) pranoto mongso; (2) nyabuk gunung; (3) sacralize water sources (Festival Tuk Sikopyah); (4) resting agricultural land; (5) using traditional agricultural tools; and (6) Agroforestry. The highest conservation practice is using traditional agricultural equipment by 99%, nyabuk gunung and forecasting water sources by 96%. While conservation practices are rarely carried out, namely 61% of agricultural land. Agriculture in Serang Village can be developed because it has large land resources and large market demand. Suitable agricultural land conservation strategies are implemented in the management of sustainable agricultural land in Serang Village, namely (1) preserving local wisdom owned by the community and applied in agricultural land management activities; (2) utilizing assistance from the village, district, and central governments to manage and increase agricultural production; (3) increase market distribution and utilize access to transportation; (4) increase cultivation land with available land for increased agricultural production; (5) maintain product quality and create customer satisfaction; and (6) cooperation with the distribution channel to expand the market. ; Perambahan kawasan hutan disadari dapat menimbulkan banyak permasalahan ketika pengelolaannya tidak memperhatikan kaidah konservasi. Perambahan hutan semakin luas dan menjadi perhatian khusus Pemerintah Desa Serang sehingga mendorong mengembangkan sistem pertanian berbasis kearifan lokal yang dimiliki masyarakat. Hasil penelitian diketahui praktek konservasi lahan yang dilakukan antara lain yaitu (1) pranoto mongso; (2) nyabuk gunung; (3) mengeramatkan sumber air (Festival Tuk Sikopyah); (4) memberokan lahan pertanian; (5) menggunakan alat pertanian tradisional; dan (6) Wanatani (Agroforestry). Praktek konservasi tertinggi yaitu menggunakan alat pertanian tradisional sebesar 99%, nyabuk gunung dan mengeramatkan sumber air sebesar 96%. Sedangkan praktek konservasi jarang dilakukan yaitu memberokan lahan pertanian sebesar 61%. Pertanian di Desa Serang berpotensi dikembangkan karena memiliki sumberdaya lahan luas serta permintaan pasar yang besar. Strategi konservasi lahan pertanian yang sesuai diterapkan dalam pengelolaan lahan pertanian berkelanjutan di Desa Serang yaitu (1) melestarikan kearifan lokal yang dimiliki masyarakat dan diterapkan dalam kegiatan pengelolaan lahan pertanian; (2) memanfaatkan pendampingan dari pemerintah desa, kabupaten dan pusat untuk pengelolaan dan peningkatan produksi hasil pertanian; (3) menambah distribusi pasar dan memanfaatkan akses pengangkutan; (4) menambah lahan budidaya dengan lahan tersedia untuk peningkatan produksi pertanian; (5) menjaga kualitas produk dan menciptakan kepuasan konsumen; dan (6) kerjasama dengan saluran pemeasaran untuk memperluas pasar.

To date, the body image literature has largely ignored older men, as the bulk of the research has focused on young and middle-aged women. Where studies have been conducted with older men, they have tended to only consider the perspectives of men in their 50s and 60s or to include older men as part of mixed gender or diverse age samples. Thus, little is known about how older men perceive, experience, and feel about their aging and changing bodies, even as the body is central to older men's understanding and practice of masculinity as well as their position in age- and gender-based systems of inequality. Addressing this gap in the research, we conducted in-depth interviews with 22 community-dwelling men aged 67–90 years (average age of 77 years). Drawing upon age relations and masculinities theorizing, we asked the men about how they evaluated and felt about their appearances, health, physical abilities, and sexual functioning. Our thematic analysis revealed that the men were largely satisfied with their appearances and physical functioning, particularly their approximation to masculine ideals of youthfulness, healthiness, and independence. Whereas half of the men identified their weight as a source of body satisfaction, all of the men disparaged obesity and stereotypical older men's enlarged stomachs in particular. That said, the men discounted appearance as an unimportant and feminized concern. In contrast, they emphasized the salience of health and body functionality, expressing concern about how changes to their physical abilities and sexual functioning had already affected, and might in the future increasingly delimit, their daily lives, and hence they preferred social and physical pursuits. We consider our findings in light of age and masculinity ideals, which collectively privilege youthful bodies and subordinate older men.

This is a conference paper. ; This paper will critically assess how the GoSS is tackling the challenge of providing improved water supplies and sanitation and hygiene awareness both through funding mechanisms such as the Multi Donor Trust Fund for Southern Sudan and from funding through other donors like USAID and the European Union. The paper will look at how the $86m MDTF is being implemented and the drawbacks that this funding mechanism is facing.

Revised and updated to include recent developments since 2013, this edition provides a detailed guide to the operation of the international rule of State immunity which bars one State's national courts from exercising criminal or civil jurisdiction over claims made against another State. Building on the analysis of its two previous editions, it reviews relevant material at both international and national levels with particular attention to US and UK law; the 2004 UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of the State and its Property (not yet in force), and also seeks to assess the significance of recent changes in the evolution of the law

This study presents an ethnographic account of the lives of young Muslim women who underwent Islamic religious education in madrasa. It examines their body-image narratives. It focuses on how the socialisation at madrasa has shaped their image of themselves concerning bodily comportment, piety and modesty. It highlights different social actors from family, madrasa and media shape the image of these women. Accounts of six madrasa graduates who have studied Islamic theology for at least five years are examined. It focuses on Muslim women's practice of purdah, keeping in mind cultural relativism and the perspective of the women who wear it. It unravels their everyday choice construction regarding the perceptions and practices of adorning their bodies with and within the burqa. The study is based in New Delhi, India. It finds that purdah for the respondents represents piety and completes their being. The embracing of fashion, trends, makeup and other aspects of body image varies in individual degrees, with a shared understanding of doing it within the framework of modesty, as interpreted by them. They present a picture of being agents of their own within their domain of life, living and being.

AbstractMacroeconomic forecasts and program evaluations of health service interventions are pessimistic about ageing populations, given their low work participation and high demand for social services. We estimate the impact of heart disease on paid work and the value of unpaid non‐market activities of the Australian elderly, using Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) data, finding significant losses in the value of their contributions to adult care and voluntary work. Impacts on non‐market contributions of older women were more significant than for older men. A broader perspective on the value of the contributions made by the elderly is needed to enhance efficiency and (gender) equality.