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The aim of this paper is to present an anthropological approach of the relationship between social structures, rules of conduct and social regulation system, in order to show the composite nature of the Morrocan law System. The system elements are : "modern" law, muslim law and customs. The place of this later is inhibited in jurists' knowledge, then rural collectivities are still producing such a law. The Morrocan communities in Atlas mountain studied illustrate how this kind of law is elaborated. It is almost a survival requirement, this because communities produce, consolidate their identity and legitimate their rights. Therefore, social practices are usually different from the established rules.

Bearing in mind that elections are an auspicious time to raise local political issues, this article analyses the strategies of young men and women leaders inthe province of El Hajeb in Morocco and how they negotiate their leadership roles at the local level. The article is based on observations and semi-structured interviews conducted with young leaders and resource holdersduring the legislative elections of October 2016. While some young people manage to accessmunicipal councils, the present authorsfind evidence to suggest that they cannot become parliamentarians because of being hampered by a lack of social networksthat would broaden their constituency, as well asa lack of material resources to run their election campaigns. For young women, access to parliament is even more difficult, particularly if they fail to obtain a seat through the women's quota system. Conscious of their limited resources, some young people consider the electoral period as a resource in itself for asserting themselves at the local level and negotiating their political rise. In parallel, they develop electoral strategies to position themselves as local leaders without necessarily running as candidates in legislative elections by choosing to: a) go through several local and regional elective structures; b) strengthen their position within any political party; c) get involved for many years in associational work while attempting to move upwards from the territory of their village to the commune, and then to the province; and d) draw on family notability. The authors' aim is to show that young leaders are not instrumentalised by potential elected representatives but thatthey carefully negotiate the support they provide to such representatives in order to consolidate their local leadership.

PurposeThis article sets out to draw on new empirical research to illustrate how the process of technological change is shaped by a combination of contextual elements that relate to the political and social history of Sudan. The developments in infrastructure, relationships with economically powerful industrialized countries, and the attitudes and perceptions of key decision makers are discussedDesign/methodology/approachPrimary data were collected from fieldwork conducted in Sudan for six months, and this was combined with secondary data that were collected from several conventional sources. The design adopted a dual methodological approach that comprised a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques. This article draws mainly on the qualitative data set, although a summary is provided of some of the main results from the questionnaire survey.FindingsThe findings highlight the need for bank general managers and IT managers to collaborate in the establishment of IT strategies and in ensuring that there are sufficient staff and budgetary resources for successful implementation. There is also a need to develop comprehensive banking policies in Sudan in order to support the replacement of traditional manual methods of banking with more advanced computer‐based systems. Managing this process is not simply a technical issue, but a complex socio‐political challenge that requires management sensitivity to the context within which change is taking place.Research limitations/implicationsFieldwork in Sudan was constrained by both time and limited financial resources, and further frustrated by a number of unanticipated access difficulties. Some of the survey findings may have been affected by missing data, and some of the interview data may have been affected by translation from Arabic into English. However, the multi‐strategy research employed in this study did prove effective in generating useful data.Originality/valueIn the case of developing countries, the data sets and literature available are in short supply, and as such the findings contribute to this limited knowledge base in presenting new empirical evidence and analysis. The study highlights the importance of three broad categories – social‐political context, business economic and technological environment, and the historical and cultural climate of Sudan and the banking industry – in shaping the uptake and introduction of new technology in the Sudanese banking industry.

In Morocco, large-scale irrigation schemes have evolved over the past twenty years from the centralised management of irrigation and agricultural production into more complex multi-actor systems. This study analysed whether, and how, in the context of state withdrawal, increased farmer autonomy and political liberalisation, family farmers currently participate in the coordination and negotiation of issues that affect them and involve scheme-level organisations. Issues related to water management, the sugar industry and the dairy sector were analysed in five large-scale irrigation schemes. Farmer organisations that were set up to intervene in water management and sugar production were seen to be either inactive or to have weak links with their constituency; hence, the irrigation administration and the sugar industry continue to interact directly with farmers in a centralised way. Given their inability to voice their interests, when farmers have the opportunity, many choose exit strategies, for instance by resorting to the use of groundwater. In contrast, many community-based milk collection cooperatives were seen to function as accountable intermediaries between smallholders and dairy firms. While, as in the past, family farmers are still generally not involved in decision making at scheme level, in the milk collection cooperatives studied, farmers learn to coordinate and negotiate for the development of their communities.

Dans les périmètres de grande hydraulique au Maroc, l'Etat a par le passé exercé un contrôle fort sur les activités de production, depuis l'exploitation agricole jusqu'aux usines de l'agro-industrie. Le retrait de l'Etat et la privatisation de certaines activités ont conduit à un système multipolaire, fait d'une autonomie accrue des agriculteurs et des usines pour leurs prises de décisions. L'article analyse dans quelle mesure les agriculteurs familiaux participent à la coordination et la négociation pour la gestion de l'eau et les filières agro-industrielles dans cinq périmètres de grande hydraulique au Maroc. L'analyse est conduite pour quatre thèmes : la gestion des ressources en eau, le service d'irrigation, la filière sucrière et la filière laitière. Les organisations professionnelles agricoles créées pour participer à la gestion des trois premiers thèmes sont soit inactives soit ont peu de liens avec les agriculteurs membres. En revanche, de nombreuses coopératives de collecte de lait rendent compte à leurs adhérents et fonctionnent comme intermédiaires efficaces entre les agriculteurs et les usines de transformation du lait. Bien que les agriculteurs ne soient pas dans l'ensemble associés comme partenaires aux décisions prises au niveau du périmètre irrigué, dans ces coopératives de collecte de lait les agriculteurs apprennent à coordonner, négocier et agir comme partenaires du développement de leurs communautés.

International audience ; La présente communication décrit et analyse l'appropriation individuelle des ouvrages hydrauliques par des agriculteurs d'un périmètre irrigué au nord du Maroc que les schémas hydrauliques ont laissé en dehors des zones desservies par les réseaux d'irrigation. A travers l'examen des rapports de ces agriculteurs à un canal de drainage utilisé pour le transfert de l'eau entre deux secteurs irrigués, l'attention est accordée aux stratégies individuelles d'accès à l'eau d'irrigation pour des terres « hors-casier ». Ces stratégies sont examinées sous l'angle des logiques des usagers et leur recherche d'équité, puis articulées à la vision de l'administration en charge de la gestion du périmètre d'irrigation. En décrivant les changements opérés suite à l'introduction de l'irrigation, une réflexion est menée autour des possibilités d'émergence d'action collective.

International audience ; La présente communication décrit et analyse l'appropriation individuelle des ouvrages hydrauliques par des agriculteurs d'un périmètre irrigué au nord du Maroc que les schémas hydrauliques ont laissé en dehors des zones desservies par les réseaux d'irrigation. A travers l'examen des rapports de ces agriculteurs à un canal de drainage utilisé pour le transfert de l'eau entre deux secteurs irrigués, l'attention est accordée aux stratégies individuelles d'accès à l'eau d'irrigation pour des terres « hors-casier ». Ces stratégies sont examinées sous l'angle des logiques des usagers et leur recherche d'équité, puis articulées à la vision de l'administration en charge de la gestion du périmètre d'irrigation. En décrivant les changements opérés suite à l'introduction de l'irrigation, une réflexion est menée autour des possibilités d'émergence d'action collective.

International audience ; La présente communication décrit et analyse l'appropriation individuelle des ouvrages hydrauliques par des agriculteurs d'un périmètre irrigué au nord du Maroc que les schémas hydrauliques ont laissé en dehors des zones desservies par les réseaux d'irrigation. A travers l'examen des rapports de ces agriculteurs à un canal de drainage utilisé pour le transfert de l'eau entre deux secteurs irrigués, l'attention est accordée aux stratégies individuelles d'accès à l'eau d'irrigation pour des terres « hors-casier ». Ces stratégies sont examinées sous l'angle des logiques des usagers et leur recherche d'équité, puis articulées à la vision de l'administration en charge de la gestion du périmètre d'irrigation. En décrivant les changements opérés suite à l'introduction de l'irrigation, une réflexion est menée autour des possibilités d'émergence d'action collective.