Suchergebnisse

This paper proposes a set of new methods to estimate inequality of opportunity based on conditional inference regression trees. It illustrates how these methods represent a substantial improvement over existing empirical approaches to measure inequality of opportunity. First, the new methods minimize the risk of arbitrary and ad hoc model selection. Second, they provide a standardized way to trade off upward and downward biases in inequality of opportunity estimations. Finally, regression trees can be graphically represented; their structure is immediate to read and easy to understand. This will make the measurement of inequality of opportunity more easily comprehensible to a large audience. These advantages are illustrated by an empirical application based on the 2011 wave of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions.

Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- An Urgent Challenge-and a Window to Respond -- Book Structure -- Note -- References -- 1. Fragility, Conflict, and Extreme Poverty -- Key Messages -- Background: Living and Dying in a Two-Speed World -- Data Deprivation in FCS -- Overcoming Data Deprivation -- A Clearer Picture of Global Poverty -- Better Analysis in FCS Shows that Global Poverty Has Been Underestimated -- Poverty Rates Have Risen in FCS, as They Fall Elsewhere -- Economies Chronically in FCS Are Driving the Patterns -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 2. Challenges in Multiple Dimensions -- Key Messages -- Seeing Beyond Monetary Poverty -- Losing Human Capital-Where It Is Needed Most -- FCS and Growth: Negative Associations -- Picturing a Better Future? -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 3. Long-Term Effects of Conflict on Poverty and Welfare -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Conflict through a Human Capital Lens -- The Impact of Conflict on Human Capital: Health -- The Impact of Conflict on Human Capital: Education -- Conflict and Intergenerational Socioeconomic Mobility -- Conflict's Impact on Labor Market Outcomes -- Impact on Productive Assets and Income-Earning Activities -- Conflict-Induced Displacement: How Do Refugees Impact Host Communities? -- Adding It All Up: Conflict Imposes Heavy Costs that Extend to Future Generations -- Notes -- References -- 4. Patterns of Fragility-Understanding Diversity in Country Profiles -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Cluster Analysis for Creating Country Typologies -- An Empirical Approach to Exploring Patterns of Fragility -- Country Typologies -- Cluster Profiles and Entry Points for Policy -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 5. Conclusion-Directions for Action on Fragility and Poverty -- Addressing Data Deprivation.

Using individual data from over 400 surveys, this paper compiles a global database of intergenerational mobility in education for 153 countries covering 97 percent of the world's population. For 87 percent of the world's population, it provides trends in intergenerational mobility for individuals born between 1950 to 1989. The findings show that absolute mobility in education—the share of respondents that obtains higher levels of education than their parents—is higher in the developed world despite the higher levels of parental educational attainment. Relative mobility—measuring the degree of independence between parent and child years of schooling—is also found to be greater in the developed world. Together, these findings point to severe challenges in intergenerational mobility in the poorest parts of the world. Beyond national income levels, the paper explores the correlation between intergenerational mobility and a variety of country characteristics. Countries with higher rates of mobility have (i) higher tax revenues and rates of government expenditures, especially on education; (ii) better child health indicators (less stunting and lower infant mortality); (iii) higher school quality (more teachers per pupil and fewer school dropouts); and (iv) less residential segregation.