Suchergebnisse

World is going to be global village due to the introduction of
new and advanced technology and new innovations in technology make it
more possible day by day. The widely spread economic activities both in
real as well as in credit market is possible when they use advance
technology to communicate. This is a fact that the world is rapidly
moving towards an economic system based on the continuous and ubiquitous
availability of information. Developing countries try to maintain and
develop their technology in such a way that they can become a part of
this global village. Recent developments in telecommunication technology
have been an important tool to exchange the information to develop a
sharp and valuable commodity market. During 21st century to move into
post-industrial, information based economic growth, countries and sector
try to equip themselves with the necessary telecommunication system. A
modern telecommunication infrastructure is not only important for
economic growth but also to connect domestic market of commodities as
well as credit with international commodity and financial markets. This
would develop the smooth flow of foreign investment, positive value of
net exports, increase the value addition in GDP of an economy etc. Once
the industrial and agriculture development was considered to be a best
tool to enhance economic growth of a country, every country gave more
importance to these sectors in its plans and policies, but now the trend
has changed because the advancement and development of these two major
sector of an economy sustain on the development of other factors, the
role of service sector, advancement in technology, and the contribution
of foreign sector in economic growth by different ways increases, and
the major area of interest for foreign sector or investment was service
sector and still it is, countries with the existence of GATS, started to
privatise their set up, and after realising the importance of
communications, the telecommunication sector is now on their main
priorities. With the advancement of telecommunication services, a new
market mechanism, low cost structure and expanded value chain of firms
is possible [Kambil and Short (1994)], on other hand in developing
countries, the average price of agricultural commodities is high in the
area where there is telephone facilities available than the area where
there is no facilities to communicate [Bayes, et al. (1999)].

Background: After more than a decade of implementation, the outcomes of decentralisation in Indonesia, particularly for the health sector are still obscure. Government health expenditure in a number of districts has increased considerably, but despite this health system performance to a large extent seems unaffected, calling into question how health stakeholders actually interpret local needs and how this interpretation can influence the consequent process for developing health programs. The main objective is to reveal the impact of decentralisation on health programs. Methods: In order to explore the complexity of the process, thirty-six stakeholders from eight different districts were interviewed, individually. These stakeholders consisted of representatives of the executive and legislative bodies, and the head of the district health office. Using purposive sampling, districts as the unit of analysis were selected on the basis of different degrees of fiscal strength and of urbanisation. The data were explored using framework approach. Results: One feature of decentralisation was the transfer of central government-that includes the discretion to develop and financing local initiative health programs to the local governments. However, the extent of health programs in each local government depends on factors such as local fiscal capacity, regulations, and the political process. In the case of Jamkesda, local fiscal capacity will determine the coverage and benefit of the health scheme that usually was supported by local regulations. However, the amount of local budget allocated for Jamkesda, relied greatly on the political process. The role of Jamkesda as a vote-getter for local politicians is significance, both in term of local commitment (budget allocation and regulation) and the sustainability of the program. Conclusion: Decentralisation has changed the development of local health program, nevertheless, the scope of local initiative health programs is determined by local fiscal capacity and the political process.

BACKGROUND: Community health workers (CHWs) play a critical role in grassroots healthcare and are essential for achieving the health-related Sustainable Development Goals. While there is a critical shortage of essential health workers in low- and middle-income countries, WHO and international partners have reached a consensus on the need to expand and strengthen CHW programmes as a key element in achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC). The COVID-19 pandemic has further revealed that emerging health challenges require quick local responses such as those utilizing CHWs. This is the second paper of our 11-paper supplement, "Community health workers at the dawn of a new era". Our objective here is to highlight questions, challenges, and strategies for stakeholders to consider while planning the introduction, expansion, or strengthening of a large-scale CHW programme and the complex array of coordination and partnerships that need to be considered. METHODS: The authors draw on the outcomes of discussions during key consultations with various government leaders and experts from across policy, implementation, research, and development organizations in which the authors have engaged in the past decade. These include global consultations on CHWs and global forums on human resources for health (HRH) conferences between 2010 and 2014 (Montreux, Bangkok, Recife, Washington DC). They also build on the authors' direct involvement with the Global Health Workforce Alliance. RESULTS: Weak health systems, poor planning, lack of coordination, and failed partnerships have produced lacklustre CHW programmes in countries. This paper highlights the three issues that are generally agreed as being critical to the long-term effectiveness of national CHW programmes—planning, coordination, and partnerships. Mechanisms are available in many countries such as the UHC2030 (formerly International Health Partnership), country coordinating mechanisms (CCMs), and those focusing on the health workforce such as the national Human Resources for ...